Circuit Simulator for sampled Input

The problem is that you are expecting a model to have more functionality than it has. Most models are simply parameters in an equation. They are designed to approximate the actual device behavior within specific operating conditions. For example, a diode is modeled using the following equation:

\$\Large I_f = I_S(e^{\frac{Vf}{NV_t}} - 1)\$

Where Vf is the applied voltage and If is the forward current. Notice that there's nothing stopping me from putting 50V as the applied forward voltage, and I will definitely get an answer from the simulator. It will be completely nonsense, but the model is assuming that the behavior of the diode is always described by that equation.

I have seen device models with voltage breakdowns and melting currents, but typically those are in "high end" models used for IC design. It is specifically coded into the models. I'm using Spectre and HSPICE, but I don't think that's going to help you much. If you MUST use a simulator to identify if a part is going to fail, then you need to understand when the part is going to fail and watch the simulation results for those conditions.

Relying on a simulator to guarantee whether or not a part works is asking for disaster. Simulators model everything as "ideal" - and that is making a LOT of assumptions. Keep in mind that a simulator considers everything perfect unless told otherwise. Doing conceptual design with a simulator is dangerous.

I often use the falstad simulator: http://www.falstad.com/circuit

It's a Java applet, so will work on pretty much any operating system. The interface does take a bit of getting used to, and there are problems saving in Linux (it gives you a link to copy and paste, and copy and paste in Java doesn't work too well in Linux).

Other than that it ticks all your boxes. It also has some good sample circuits. A Windows version (circuitmod) is based on this.