I'd call 16 MHz high frequency, in terms of setting the AVR fuses. Details are in the data sheet, in the System Clock and Clock Options section. Note the startup time options, you shouldn't use 6 CK for a 16 MHz clock.
Your last question is meaningless. The processor speed is determined by the oscillator frequency, up to the maximum frequency specified (16 MHz).
My next step would be to install the electrolytic capacitors as recommended in the Schematic Checklist you mentioned.
If it still doesn't work,
I would go ahead and install all the inductors, etc. recommended in the checklist --
maybe there is a reason Atmel published that checklist :-).
If it still doesn't work, I would fall back on the sorts of errors I often make:
- When I probe the VCC and AVCC power pins with a multimeter, does each and every one of them show I have the correct 3.3 V?
- Is each and every one of the GND pins solidly connected to GND?
- Did I maybe install the PDI connector backwards or upside down again ? Or maybe forget to connect one of its pins to the MCU? (Use a multimeter to beep out the connection, one probe directly on the MCU chip pin, the other at the far end of the cable to the part of the programmer that pin is supposed to be connected to)
- Have I used the multimeter beeper to confirm that I haven't shorted any two adjacent pins?
- Is there maybe something wrong with the Dragon programmer or the cable between it and the board? Does the Dragon program work right when I use it to program some other similar AVR chip, perhaps a through-hole chip crammed into a solderless breadboard?
Could you post a photo of your PCB?
With most digital electronics, even if the PCB is known to be incorrect, it's usually quicker and easier to cut traces and add jumper wires on the prototype until you at least get to the "blink an LED" stage than to wait for another PCB to be fabbed that has fewer problems with it.
10 mm extra trace length is irrelevant in this application. I'm almost certain that is not the problem.
After I've exhaustively made sure that everything is connected properly, as recommended by the manufacturer, and there's no shorts between adjacent traces, and the program still doesn't "recognize" the chip, only then would I conclude the chip is a dud and get a replacement chip.
Later, after you get the programmer to "recognize" the chip and start to program it, then you can think about:
Is there a pin that will toggle to show me it's OK? Kind of a hardware "Hello World"?
Yes.
Blinking an LED is considered the equivalent of "Hello World" in electronics. a b c d
This doesn't happen automatically, though -- you need to connect a pin to an LED and you need to write some code to blink it.
Even after a person programs the other pins to do useful things,
they often leave the code in to blink a "heartbeat" LED a b that once a second or so.
That makes it pretty much instant to confirm that the program is loaded and running,
the right frequency of crystal is connected,
etc.
(Some people deliberately change the blink rate every time they reprogram the chip, just to reassure themselves that the chip is now running with the latest code rather than the old code).
Best Answer
So it turns out that using an external 32.768 crystal reduces the power consumption of an ATtiny85 a LOT.
Running with an internal 1 MHz clock source and having the AVR sleep most of the time in power down mode - only waking up every 32 ms - it consumes around 62 microamps. However, using a 32.768 crystal as the external clock source, the power consumption is only around 22 microamps, even when running at "full throttle" so to speak (32768 ticks per second with no sleep mode).
So it turns out that running it at that low of a speed cuts down on power consumption so much that you don't actually need to sleep it.