As @Colin mentions the scheme that TI now use to communicate a network SSID and keyphrase from a setup application to a CC3000 enabled device is called Smart Config.
Smart Config has to communicate information (the network SSID and keyphrase) from a secure wifi network to a CC3000 enabled device that is not yet able to decrypt the traffic on that network.
Initially the CC3000 is not connected to the network (but can monitor the traffic), so the Smart Config application cannot send its information directly to the device. Instead it sends UDP packets to another existing machine on the network - the wifi access point (AP). That the AP isn't interested in receiving them is irrelevant, it's just important that the packets be visible on the network.
While the CC3000 can monitor the traffic it can't decrypt it, it can't even tell for certain that a given encrypted packet contains UDP data. So how can it pick out the UDP packets or do anything useful with them?
Basically Smart Config encodes its information not in the content of the packets it is sending but in their length. Wifi encryption affects the length of packets, but in a consistent way, i.e. it adds L additional bytes to the size of every packet, where L is a constant.
The Smart Config application encodes the SSID and keyphrase into the packet lengths of a sequence of UDP packets. The CC3000 can see the encrypted packets and their sizes.
In many environments the CC3000 will be able to see traffic from multiple nearby networks so how can it spot the relevant traffic? Even after encryption one can still see the MAC addresses of the source and destination of a packet so one can group traffic this way. In addition to the primary information that Smart Config is trying to send it also sends out regularly repeating patterns of packet lengths, so the CC3000 groups the traffic as described and then looks out for such patterns, when it finds them in the traffic of a given source and destination pair it then focuses in to recover the primary information.
There's obviously more to it than that, e.g. even once the CC3000 has found the source and destination pair, that correspond to the AP and the machine running the Smart Config application, how does it filter the Smart Config packets from other unrelated traffic going between the AP and the machine? I've written this all up in a series of blog posts.
The most technically detailed one covers the heart of Smart Config - how it encodes the SSID and keyphrase and transmits them such that a CC3000 can pick them up:
http://depletionregion.blogspot.ch/2013/10/cc3000-smart-config-transmitting-ssid.html
Then I have a post that's less technical, more an opinion piece about why you should always use an AES key with Smart Config:
http://depletionregion.blogspot.ch/2013/10/cc3000-smart-config-and-aes.html
There is a technical bit in the middle that does describe briefly how you'd configure a cipher in Java with the necessary AES transformation needed to work as the CC3000 expects.
And finally the proof of the pudding - I wrote an application to emulate the Smart Config related behavior of the CC3000, i.e. it can recover the SSID and keyphrase transmitted by any Smart Config application without needing to be able to decrypt the relevant network traffic. You can find where to download the source and all the details here:
http://depletionregion.blogspot.ch/2013/10/cc3000-smart-config-and-keyphrase.html
This should enable one to test the behavior of any Smart Config application one writes, i.e. one can see what a CC3000 would be able to reconstruct from the data transmitted by the application.
I also have a few more Smart Config / CC3000 related posts:
http://depletionregion.blogspot.ch/search/label/CC3000
For some background information it can also be interesting to read through these threads on the TI forum relevant to the CC3000.
First one covering Smart Config itself:
http://e2e.ti.com/support/low_power_rf/f/851/t/253463.aspx
And one on mDNS, the mechanism by which a Smart Config application detects that a CC3000 enabled device has joined the network:
http://e2e.ti.com/support/low_power_rf/f/851/p/290584/1020839.aspx
In both threads some initial messages may not seem so relevant but there's some interesting information mixed in too. But there's also a lot of inaccurate information as well so don't assume all of it is correct, even information from TI employees or from me (I learned a lot eventually but started with some incorrect assumptions/beliefs).
Patents have been mentioned a few times, however I can't find any evidence that there are patents pending or granted on this technology.
Best Answer
Wifi is probably hopeless for this application. You should use a sub-1GHz ISM band radio instead.
The Texas CC1101 and Nordic nRF905 are both quite good. The CC1101 has an edge on power consumption I think. Texas also have some newer parts, such as the CC1120, that are on-air compatible but a bit more sensitive.
In any case using sub-1GHz bands will give you much better range than 2.4GHz. Depending on where you live 433MHz, 868MHz or 915MHz should be available. Modules can be bought cheaply on eBay or Amazon.
As an example a pair of lithium AA cells can run a CC1101 and Atmel microcontroller transmitting every ~5 seconds for about 5 years. To get that kind of performance you need to do a bit of work optimizing your code and hardware. For example, run at the lowest voltage possible with an ultra low quiescent current LDO.
Data rate is important to get right too. If you only need to transmit once every few minutes then the lowest possible (1.2kbaud is reasonable for a CC1101) should be fine. Obviously the lower the bit rate the longer the radio has to stay powered up. You can avoid having to do listen-before-talk by simply randomizing the transmission time by say +/- 1 minute, since you will only be on air for a few tens or maybe hundreds of milliseconds maximum.
Then you need to make a receiver for your PC, or perhaps a bridge to wifi.