ceramic should work as long as you meet the requirements in the datasheet: 0.1ohm < esr < 5ohm and srf > 1mhz.
Its probably easier to find those properties in a tantalum cap, especially back in 2002 when that datasheet was released.
EDIT: Some more info about LDO stability and why the ESR has to fall in a particular range.
A generic LDO works by comparing the output voltage to an internal voltage reference with an error amplifier and driving a PNP transistor to correct for this error.
The problem comes in when you look at the phase shift and loop gain of this feedback path. The error amplifier and the load being driven both contribute poles to the frequency response of the feedback loop. These poles act as a low pass filter resulting in loop gain decreasing as frequency increases. As we know a pole also introduces a negative phase shift. If this phase shift is allowed to reach -180deg the feedback loop becomes unstable and the LDO will oscillate.
What this means is that every time the error amp tries to compensate for an error the result of its correction is 180deg out of phase, or inverted, consequently the error amp is basically thrown for a loop and begins making the opposite correction that it should be making, resulting in wild instability.
To avoid this situation we need to prevent the phase shift in the feedback loop from ever getting to -180deg, actually we only need to keep it from reaching -180deg within the region that the LDO can generate gain > 1 as the damped response of the system past this point will prevent oscillation. This frequency is defined by the unity-gain point of PNP pass transistor.
The way we prevent this phase shift is by using a capacitor with a ESR in a certain region. The capacitance will shift the pole created by the load but more importantly the ESR will contribute a higher frequency zero. Basically you've added a high pass filter to the feedback loop. The phase shift introduced by the ESR will work to counteract the phase shift introduced at lower frequencies by the poles from the error amp and the load.
The reason that the ESR has to be in a particular range is that if its too low, the zero contributed to the frequency response will be located very high in frequency, above the unity-gain point of the pass transistor. As a result its not effective in making sure the phase shift of the feedback loop doesn't reach -180deg before the unity-gain frequency.
If the ESR is too high, the zero will be very low in frequency. There is another pole in the frequency response created by the parasitics of the pass transistor, if the zero from the capacitor ESR is too low in frequency, this pole will be reached while we still have gain > 1, this will cancel out the effect of the ESR zero and we will likely reach -180deg phase shift before we reach unity gain.
All that said, these problems are indicative of older LDO designs. Many/Most/All new designs include additional internal compensation in the feedback loop which uncouples LDO stability from the ESR specification of the output capacitors.
Best Answer
There are lots of application notes on this. Google for "Tantalum vs ceramic capacitors".
Ceramic capacitors are best for its ESR & ESL. So that they can handle huge ripple currents at less temperature rise in power supplies. Same way, they don't disturb signal quality in High-speed systems (AC coupling capacitors). But their DC Bias characteristics are poor. Like a 47uF X5R 6.3V is ~23uF @ 3.3V. This Low ESR & ESL may be bad in some cases. For instance, some Buck converters that require enough ripple at the output to be stable. And lower ESL will react with cable capacitances to give unnecessary oscillations.
Tantalum capacitors are best known for Volumetric efficiency and Cheap cost, but they are prone to failure due to surge currents. There are alternatives like POSCAPs (polymer capacitors).