Electronic – Finding replacement PNP transistors

From what I remember Germanium transistors have always been less reliable compared to their Silicon brothers. Using Google, I find that the AF114 is particularly prone to fail.

I guess the failure mechanism depends on the model, likely not all transistors fail in the same way.

Also note that the first transistors were Germanium transistors, at the time manufacturers did not have a lot of knowledge on the subject of transistors. They had gained some knowledge by the time the Silicon transistors were introduced so these had a good head-start.

There are always better and worse batches of transistors, also the bad ones get more attention than the working ones. So stories about failing transistors (from particular batches or not) are always going to be around for longer than stories about transistors working as they're supposed to (as that is not much of a story).

It wasn't.

In the early days (ca 1890) long-distance telephony was done from sound-proofed booths and often using non-standard (4-wire) telephones. New York to Chicago was the limit on range. By 1911, the use of loading coils allowed communication from New York to Denver. Notice, though, that this was pretty frustrating and involved a lot of yelling.

In 1915 the first transcontinental call was made, with amplification using the audion vacuum tube.