Electronic – How does the values of the capacitor affect the filter circuit

A capacitor by itself is not a filter at all, neither high pass, low pass, nor anything else.

A capacitor can be used as part of a high pass, low pass, or band pass filter, depending on how it's connected to other parts. For example, a capacitor with a resistor can be a high pass filter:

or a low pass filter:

Together with a inductor and some additional impedance (represented by the resistor), it can be a band pass filter:

Or a band rejection filter:

A crystal radio works like the left band pass filter. C1 and L1 form a resonant tank that has high impedance at the resonant frequency and low impedance at other frequencies. Even that by itelf is not a filter, since just a changing impedance isn't a filter. It is the changing impedance working against some other impedance that forms a voltage divider that then makes a filter. In the example above, R1 is that other impedance. In a crystal radio, it is the impedance of the signal coupled to L1 magnetically by the antenna coil. In that case the antenna coil is the primary of a transformer, and L1 is the secondary, which resonates at a particular frequency depending on the value C1 is tuned to.

Added about crystal radio:

I see from the comments that there is some confusion about how the capacitor in a crystal radio works and how such a radio is tuned. There are different ways a crystal radio can be made, but I'll stick to the very common configuration you can find all over the web, and that is implemented by most crystal radio kits:

The inductor is a single coil, ususally magnet wire wound round something like a carboard toilet paper roll. The coil is essentially a transformer. The transformer primary is the left section between the antenna and the tap. Since the tap is grounded, there is no direct flow of current between the two sections of the coil. Voltage is induced in the right part of the coil by transformer action. The only way for the signal to get from the left part of the coil (the transformer primary) to the right part (the transformer secondary), is by the magnetic coupling between the two parts of the coil.

The transformer creates a higher voltage at its right end, although at a higher impedance. Typical antennas have impedance in the 50-300 Ω range, whereas the crystal radio is intended to drive old style headphones that have a few kΩ impedance. The higher voltage at a higher impedance is a better match to the headphones, and allows the very limited power from the antenna to be used more efficiently.

The inductance of the coil together with the capacitance form a high Q tank circuit. The radio picks up a station when the capacitor is adjusted so that the tank resonates at the station's carrier frequency. Due to the finite impedance of the antenna driving the tank as seen thru the transformer, and the impedance of the headphones loading the output, the capacitor and the coil together form a narrow band pass filter.

when a resistor is added between them (diagram below), does that affect the conservation of charge and result in lower final voltages?

Nope.

Think about it this way: your circuit is split into two halves by the capacitor dielectrics. On your schematic, you can draw a vertical line in the middle, going through the capacitors.

Conservation of charge means that charge on both sides of this line is constant.

Since Q=CV, then C1*V1 + C2*V2 will be constant, and that will allow you to calculate the capacitor voltages once steady state is reached.

The resistor does not influence the end result. A higher value will simply need more time to equalize voltage in your caps.

Now, the real amusing thing here is if you calculate the energy. Since E=1/2 CV^2 you'll probably notice that the energy at the end is lower than the energy at the beginning, even if the resistor is zero...