Electronic – LED Polarity: Why does this LED have the anode as the short pin

I think you just answered your own question. If you want to power 25 LEDs @ 20mA that's 500mA total. So no you can't drive or sink 500mA with a single pin when that pin can only supply 40mA. Try using a transistor on the output that can handle the current. I think you're on the right track there.

Maybe try something like this. Disclaimer though I only thought about that circuit for a few minutes, I didn't try it or sim it. But that's half the fun :)

TL;DR: The kits you link to will not work with the big 7-segment display you propose. In my personal estimation, the complexity of the ICL7107 design (the Canakit and the Contrad kits are based on this chip) and the Arduino design will roughly be similar, if you build the simplest possible design. However, either design in the simplest version might not you to use the referenced 7-segment display at full brightness, and in fact the referenced 7-segment display might be too dim. Therefore, (depending on the display), you might as well go with the Arduino design, because the Intersil chip is really designed to run the 7-segment displays directly, something you cannot do if you want full brightness.

The large 7-segment LED display

The characterists of the 7-segment displays will in large part drive your design. There are two characterisits of concern here:

• The foreward voltage drop of each segment. If the Vcc supplied to the LEDs is less than this value, the LED will not turn on.
• The maximum forward current across each segment. To display at maximum brightness, you will want to supply something close to this value.

The datasheet I found for the Kingbright SA40-19EWA references two types of large 7-segment displays:

• High Efficiency Red: Forward V / segment: 8V typical, 10V max. Maximum forward current is not referenced, but the test conditions suggest that 20mA is typical. The charts on page three imply that 30mA is maximum.
• Super Bright Green: Forward V / segment: not reference. Maximum forward current: 60mA, suggests that 40-50mA current would be appropriate to drive it at full brightness.

If the above characteristics are correct, then you could build an ICL7106/ICL7107/ICL7107s-based circuit for the red 7-segment display, but not the green one if you want to run at full brightness.

Using the large 7-segment display with pre-packaged kits

The Canakit you link to is designed to run off 5V. Given that the forward voltage of the Kingbright SA40-19EWA is 8-10V, the result is likely to be a non-working digital LED thermometer. These kits are also not designed for the kind of current the super bright 7-segment display needs to be on at full brightness (, see below), and this is a problem inherent to the chip at the heart of the circuit, the ICL7106/ICL7107/ICL7107s

Building a new ICL7106/ICL7107/ICL7107s-based circuit from skratch

Using the ICL7107, the temperature probe signal is compared to reference voltage, and the result is processed by the ADC on the ICL7107 and then output on 7-segment LEDs. The ICL7106 runs off +15V, so you could use the 8V LEDs with this design. As you can see from the kit image there are not a lot of supporting components you need:

Note, however, that ICL7106/ICL7107/ICL7107s can only sink around 16mA of current from the 7-segment displays. This means that you will not be able to drive the super bright display at full brightness from the Intersil chips, and given the nature of ICL7106/ICL7107/ICL7107s, interfacing them to a driver that could allow more current from the 7-segment displays may be difficult.

Modifying a reference Arduino kit

The Arduino kit you referenced will likewise need extensive modifications in order to a) support the voltage required by the 7-segment display you reference and b) supply the current needed to run the large 7-segment display at full brightness.

Building a new Arduino temperature display from scratch

For an Arduino-based design, (assuming, at first, the underpowered design as above), you should have enough pins to do everything. The cheapest Arduino (Arduino nano) has 22 GPIO pins, of which you'd be using 1 to read the temperature sensor. This will leave you with 21 pins to drive your 7-segment LEDs. The way such displays are usually constructed is by multiplexing the LED displays (for instance the MAX7219 works this way). Specifically, what happens is first the first 7-segment display is drawn to display the correct digit, then the second, and then the third. If the cycle happens at more than, say, 30Hz, then the result is a seamless display as far as the human eye is concerned. To do this, you will only need 8 GPIO lines to paint the segments plus 4 GPIO lines to select the 7-segment display. The alternative (non-multiplexed display) is not possible on Arduino nano, since you'll need 8 lines / 7-segment display times 4 displays = 32 GPIO lines. It would be possible to do this on a beefier Arduino, but that will cost more. On the Nano you could use a shift register, or some other serial-to-parallel IC, such as the 74HC595 to give yourself more pins, so to speak.

The LED you are looking at is common anode, so you could use the Arduino to drive it directly buy sinking the LED current into the GPIO chips. At the same time, the LED you reference can take up to 320mA of current per segment, so if you want to drive it at full brightness, the Arduino solution will require external circuitry, such as a darlington array, as described here, for instance.

With the Arduino design, there will be some programming involved. You'll have to write a small program to read the temperature, and then to drive the LEDs. If you want full brightness, the Arduino will control discrete transistors (ugh) or a darlington array which will drive the LEDs directly. So you'll have to write code (or borrow one from an existing Arduino project) for converting your temperature data to 7-segment control lines. It isn't particularly difficult, but does take a bit of time. Additionally, combining this code with the multiplexing code is adds to the code complexity, but there are Arduino libraries for doing this.