AOU438L from Alpha Omega semiconductor.
http://www.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/pdf/135752/AOSMD/AOU438L.html
VDS (V) = 30V
ID = 85A (VGS = 10V)
RDS(ON) < 4.5mΩ (VGS = 10V)
RDS(ON) < 6.5mΩ (VGS = 4.5V)
Datasheet mentions it is designed for low-side switching in CPU power conversion. So you could probably scavenge a suitable replacement from an old motherboard.
The use of a MOSFET for reverse voltage protection is very straight forward.
Some of your references are correct but of low relevance and are tending to make the problem look more complex than it is. The key requirements (which you have essentially already identified) are
MOSFET must have enough Vds_max rating for maximum voltage applied
MOSFET Ids_max rating more than ample
Rdson as low as sensibly possible.
Vgs_max not exceeded in final circuit.
Power dissipation as installed able to sensibly handle operating power of I_operating^2 x Rdson_actual
Power dissipation as installed able to handle turn on and off higher dissipation regions.
Gate driven to cutoff "rapidly enough" in real world circuit.
(Worst case - apply Vin correctly and then reverse Vin instantaneously. Is cutoff quick enough?)
In practice this is easily achieved in most cases.
Vin has little effect on operating dissipation.
Rdson needs to be rated for worst case liable to be experienced in practice. About 2 x headlined Rdson is usually safe OR examine data sheets carefully. Use worst case ratings - DO NOT use typical ratings.
Turn on may be slow if desired but note that dissipation needs to be allowed for.
Turn off under reverse polarity must be rapid to allow for sudden application of protection.
What is Iin max ?
You don't say what I_in_max is and this makes quite a difference in practice.
You cited:
"If the drain-to-source voltage is zero, the drain current also becomes zero regardless of gate–to-source voltage. This region is at the left side of the VGS– VGS(th)= VDS boundary line (VGS – VGS(th) > VDS > 0).
and
Even if the drain current is very large, in this region the power dissipation is maintained by minimizing VDS(on)."
Note that these are relatively independent thoughts by the writer. The first is essentially irrelevant to this application.
The second simply says that a low Rdson FET is a good idea.
You said:
Does this configuration fall under the VDS = 0 classification? That seems like a somewhat dangerous assumption to make in a noisy environment (this will be operating in the vicinity of various types of motors), as any voltage offsets between input supply ground and local ground could cause current to flow. Even with that possibility, I'm not sure I need to spec for my maximum load current on the drain current ID. It would then follow that I don't need to dissipate very much power either. I suppose I could mitigate the problem by Zener clamping VGS closer to VGS(th) to reduce drain current/voltage?
Too much thinking :-).
When Vin is OK get FET turned on asap.
Now Vds is as low as it is going to get and is set by Ids^2 x Rdson
Ids = your circuit current.
At 25C ambient Rds will start at value cited at 25C in spec sheet and will rise if/as FET heats. In most cases FET will not heat vastly.
eg 1 20 milliOhm FET at 1 amp gives 20 mW heating. Temperature rise is very low in any sensible pkg with minimal heatsinking. At 10A the dissipation = 10^2 x 0.020 = 2 Watts. This will need a DPAk or TO220 or SOT89 or better pkg and sensible heatsinking. Die temperature may be in 50-100C range and Rdson will increase over nominal 25C value. Worst case you may get say 40 milliOhm and 4 Watts. That is still easy enough to design for.
Added: Using the 6A max you subsequently provided.
PFet = I^2.R. R = P/i^2.
For 1 Watt disspation max you want Rdson = P/i^2 = 1/36 ~= 25 milliohm.
Very easily achieved.
At 10 milliohm P = I^2.R = 36 x 0.01 = 0.36W.
At 360 mW a TO220 will be warm but not hot with no heatsink but good airflow. A trace of flag heatsink will keep it happy.
The following are all under $1.40/1 & in stock at Digikey.
LFPACK 60V 90A 6.4 milliohm !!!!!!!!!!!
TO252 70V 90A 8 milliohm
TO220 60V 50A 8.1 milliohm
You said:
I suppose I could mitigate the problem by Zener clamping VGS closer to VGS(th) to reduce drain current/voltage?
No!
Best saved for last :-).
This is the exact opposite of what is required.
Your protector needs to have minimal impact on the controlled circuit.
The above has mjaximum impact and increases dissipation in protector over what can be achieved by using a sensibly low Rdson FET and turning it on hard.
Best Answer
In your configuration, when the power is applied, MOSFET cannot be turned on immediately, because there's no voltage at the Source pin. So, current will flow first through the body diode until the voltage at the Source pin reaches the voltage level that turns the MOSFET on (You can see the forward-biased diode in your schematic). Once the MOSFET has turned on, it will short that diode and the current will flow through \$R_{DS-on}\$ in normal operation.
1) Of course. But if you don't connect the MOSFET that way, load current will always flow through body diode and the reverse polarity protection cannot be achieved.
2) Of course. But besides that, \$V_{GS}\$ is a deadly limitation for MOSFET. If supply voltage is 24V then the MOSFET will fail, because \$V_{GS-max}\$ is 12V for your MOSFET. A zener protection is required here.
Another thing which must be considered is power dissipation: \$P_M = I_D^2 \cdot R_{DS-on}\$. So the load current is important here. Your MOSFET has an on-resistance of \$R_{DS-on} = 15m\Omega\$ and it's in a SOT1220 package. And if the load current is 5A then \$P_M = 5^2 \cdot 0.015 = 0.3W\$. Thermal resistance, \$R_{th-ja}\$, of that package with proper copper-pad for drain is 67°C/W, so temperature rise will be around 20°C which causes no problems. But if the load current is 7A then temperature rise will be around 50°C -causing your MOSFET to get as hot as 75°C under room temperature!
Of course reverse polarity protection can be achieved with P-Ch. MOSFETs, but I personally recommend N-Ch MOSFETs because they've higher performance and lower price compared to P-Ch ones. Here's a configuration I'm using:
simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab