cables
I recently bought some RS485 cable, it had two pairs, both had stripes. One was mostly blue with a white stripe and the other was white with a blue stripe.
I'm mostly used to ethernet with a pair consisting of completely solid and white with a stripe.
Large phone cables have solid with white stripes, and solid.
So is there a meaning to any of these? Is the striping set by manufacturers or have any meaning beyond indicating a pair?
One pair is used to transmit, the other - to receive.
If you connect two computers without a switch or a hub, in the past you had to use a cross-over cable, where one pair is connected to pins 1,2 on one end and pins 3,6 on the other end. Hubs had reversed pinout of the socket, so you can use a straight cable to connect a PC to a hub, but would need a cross-over cable to connect two hubs (unless one hub had an "uplink" port).
Modern Ethernet devices can be connected with any cable - they will figure out whether the cable is straight or crossed and will reconfigure themselves accordingly. Gigabit Ethernet works a bit differently - it uses all pairs (instead of just two) and can reconfigure each pair as "transmit" or "receive" as needed.
Now, as to why pairs are used instead of single wires:
To transfer data, you need to be able to get some current to the receiving device. As we know current only flows when there is a closed circuit, so you need at least two wires connecting the devices. Your "scheme 2" will not work as you drew the "batteries" not connected. This can be done in one of two ways - easier is to have one or more data wires and one ground wire (called Single Ended system). Here ground is shared among all the signals and you need less wires. However, this system does not work well for long distances - noise can get in the cable quite easily and the receiving device may not be able to understand the transmission. One solution is to use a coaxial cable (it shields the data wire from noise), but they are expensive and you would need one cable for each data pin. Still, multiple coax cables are used, say, for connecting a VGA monitor to the computer (at least in the better monitor cables). It is also true for analog audio.
A better way to do things is to have two wires for each signal. Now you send the signal in both wires, but invert one of them, that is, if you send "1" in one wire, you send "0" on the other - so the voltage between those two wires is always non-zero. You also use a twisted pair cable. This is called differential signaling. Now, the noise affects both wires in a pair equally and the receiver can cancel it out (by measuring the voltage between the wires instead of each wire to ground). This allows the signal to be sent further using cheaper twisted pair cables. Professional analog audio also uses differential signalling for, say, microphones etc (the XLR connectors have three pins - positive signal, negative signal and ground), so that longer cables can be used without noise affecting the signal.
An example of differential signalling:
As you see, in this case what matters is the polarity of the received voltage, so if whatever noise affects both wires the same, the polarity will not change and the information will still be transmitted.
To transmit in both directions (but not at the same time, so-called "half-duplex") over the same pair of wires you can do it like this:
Now when any switch is closed, both lamps light up, so any end can transmit taking turns. This arrangement is called "open collector".
According to Wikipedia:
USB 2.0 provides for a maximum cable length of 5 meters for devices running at Hi Speed (480 Mbit/s). The primary reason for this limit is the maximum allowed round-trip delay of about 1.5 μs. If USB host commands are unanswered by the USB device within the allowed time, the host considers the command lost. When adding USB device response time, delays from the maximum number of hubs added to the delays from connecting cables, the maximum acceptable delay per cable amounts to 26 ns. The USB 2.0 specification requires cable delay to be less than 5.2 ns per meter (192,000 km/s, which is close to the maximum achievable transmission speed for standard copper wire).
So with a delay per cable of 26ns and the spec requiring cable delay to be less than 5.2ns/m, that gives a theoretical maximum cable length of 26ns/(5.2ns/m) = 5m.
That source also mentions that USB 2.0 is limited to 5m, but USB 3.0 is not.
Best Answer
User @Justme was correct about it being a twisted pair but the stripped line indicates positive and solid colored line indicates negative.
So for an example, let's say you have two twisted pairs: One for RX and TX. Much like RJ45, etc., RS485 will also have RX and TX signals.
You can find more details on that with this Network Engineering StackExchange answer (What do the positive and negative (+/-) transmit and receive pins mean on Ethernet cables?).