What confused me was when he asked whether electrons (current) can travel both directions at the same time through Light 1.
Well, the answer is yes, and no. Electrons can, and do, travel through Light 1, and in fact all metals, in both directions, all the time. Unless you can manage to cool a piece of metal to absolute zero, then the electrons are wandering around in random directions all the time, much like individual water molecules are wandering about in an otherwise stagnant glass of water.
But, when we talk about electrical current, we are talking about the net flow of electrons. If we say there is a current in some direction, what me mean is than on average, electrical charge (electrons being but one type of such) is flowing on average in that direction.
There may indeed be forces acting on some component that individually try to move current in opposing directions, but what's important is the net force and the resulting net current, much like two teams pulling on a rope in tug-of-war, or two sumo wrestlers pushing against each other. The net force is what determines the motion.
If V1 were to become an open, then V2 would have to supply power to both Light 1 and Light 2 in series. (Pretending for the moment that these lights would simply be more dim.)
Given that current from V2 travels through both lights in this series circuit (with V1 open), how is it that the presence of V1 causes current flow from V2 through Light 1 to cease?
It doesn't. The current in each light doesn't "belong" to either V1 or V2. Who knows, or cares, where each charge carrier came from? Consider what I just described about the electrons wandering around from thermal noise. Also, consider that their movement due to electrical current is relatively slow, and you will see that this is an irrelevant question to ask.
Here's another way to think of it. An open circuit, by definition, allows no current. It's an infinite impedance. A voltage source, on the other hand, passes whatever current is necessary to maintain its voltage. If something else wants to push more current through it, and that won't change the output voltage, it won't resist at all. Thus, it's a zero impedance. V1 does as much to impede the current in V2 as a short circuit would do. But it also must exert some force on the charge in the circuit to supply additional current so that it can create an additional 1.5V of difference across Light 1 and Light 2.
That is, V2 has to push all of the current for Light 2, but it only has to push it over half the electric potential difference (voltage), because V1 is pushing it the other half of the way, in addition to pushing the current needed to power Light 1.
Further reading: Thévenin's theorem, especially the part about "Replace voltage sources with short circuits", and Kirchoff's circuit laws.
Because when the current gets to the "crossroad", it has two options to go to GND. One is through R2 and the other is direclty to GND. In other words this is like putting R2 in paralell with a resistor whose value is zero ohms. This lead us to a zero ohms equivalent, which is like a short circuit (left path).
In a intuitive way, it finds no resistance to go to the left while there is R2 if it goes to the right. The current division in a "crossroad" is a proportional division calculated by the resistance ratio of each path. Since one path is free, all current goes to there.
Best Answer
In your example, the battery and resistors are floating as a separate circuit, except the tie to ground at one point. Because there is only that one ground tie, no loop to ground is formed, so no current flows into or out of ground. It’s the ‘loop’ part - or lack thereof - that your professor forgot to tell you about.
Anyway, the question is only interested in current. We also know we can ignore the ground tie (no current flows in it), it's a red herring. These two facts in mind, we can conclude that the only current that is flowing in the circuit is the loop formed by the battery and 2 resistors.
Kirchhoff's Current Law tells us that in a loop like that, the current is the same at all the points in the loop.
So the only sensible answer is (E), because all the currents are equal.
On the other hand, you raised the question about overhead power lines. These are referenced to ground. Because of this, if you are unlucky enough to touch a downed power line, and also are grounded, you complete a current path via ground back to the utility, and possibly, you die.
On the other, other hand, crows can land on power lines and survive just fine. Why? They practically mock you when they do that. That's just what crows do. Oh, you meant, why don’t they die? Crows, just sitting there on the wire, doing their murderous crow thing, don’t complete that path to ground that would turn them into smoldering corvid cinders: they only touch the wire, but are otherwise insulated by the surrounding air. No current flows through their insouciant bodies, even though they are at the wires’ high voltage potential.
As it so happens, humans can do this high-voltage party trick too, with a bit of help from a helicopter (so take that, crow!):
From this video: https://youtu.be/9YmFHAFYwmY (World Channel, https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp7jpKjIOLFA1j3atWNJAKA)
The takeaway: no current flows to ground if there isn't a complete path that forms a loop back to the power source. Or, you're a crow.