Electronic – Touch screen reacts exclusively skin and stylus, how

It's just the method they use to detect the touch. In capacitive touch they lay down a grid of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) and connect it to some sensors. Then when your finger which comes either in contact or really close the capacitance of the circuit changes and a touch is detected.

For inductive I've seen two kinds, one that's pen based where there are a bunch of elements putting out a small EM field. Then in the pen there is some circuitry that resonantes and sends back a signal to the pad or tablet screen.

In the phone case it's probably the newer approach of having an element that creates and senses it's own small magnetic field. Then when the user touches the glass or overlay it deflects slightly which modifies that magnetic field. Thus sensing the touch.

Capacitive has the downside of if it gets wet it can't accurately detect where the touch is because the water is affecting the capacitance. Also if you try to use it with a glove or stick it won't work because it won't change the capacitance enough.

Inductive won't have that problem but whatever material you use will have to deflect a little or use some stylus. I don't know as much about inductive though. Maybe this method also requires more power to maintain the EM field?

Most touch screens are capacitive - meaning they detect the change in capacitance that is introduced by touching them. Insulators generally do not introduce a large enough change in capacitance to trigger the touch screen. So if your fingers are turning to papery stumps somehow, you wont be able to trigger it. This has nothing to do with the temperature of your fingers, but everything to do with the moisture and oil content on the surface.