I am looking for diodes to protect my ADC from over voltage conditions. From what I have researched so far, I know that I need schottky diodes hooked up from the input to the ground and the input to the VCC line, but I am confused of what properties of the diodes that I need to consider.
My ADC has a max input of 3V, and has some internal protection, but I have read that it is not good to rely on the internal protection circuitry. What kind of diodes properties would I need to protect my circuit, if someone accidently hooks up a 5V or a 12V input?
The diode properties that I am confused about are things like forward voltage, reverse voltage, etc.
Best Answer
The function you describe is the use of "Clamping Diodes" to protect the ADC input from voltage swings too far above the positive rail, or too far below the negative (typically ground) rail.
See the the Voltage Clamp section in this nice Diodes and Transistors guide, and specifically the schematic provided in it:
The diode parameters of interest:
Forward voltage: Less than or equal to the ADC's upper tolerance limit above the nominal positive full-range voltage of the ADC (often Vcc, and specified as 3 Volts per your question) and the ADC's lower tolerance limit below ground voltage.
Reverse breakdown voltage: Greater than the maximum envisaged voltage likely at the ADC input, even with erroneous connections. This is rarely a constraint with commonly used diodes.
Diode forward current rating: Sufficient to be able to serve as a short for the incoming signal difference after passing through the resistor R.
Notice that the diodes in the schematic are connected "upside down" compared to typical diode uses:
The idea is, when Vin is within the range {Vmax+Vf .. Vmin-Vf}, both the diodes are reverse biased, and only the marginal reverse leakage current flows through them.
When Vin goes above Vmax + Vf, the diode D1 conducts, and shorts the signal to the upper voltage line.
When Vin goes below Vmin - Vf, D2 conducts and shorts the signal to the lower voltage (or ground) line.
It is assumed that the upper and lower (ground) voltage rails are regulated with a low enough impedance that they can shunt the excess current from the clamping diode without perturbation of regulated voltage. Hence the ADC would never see those out-of-range voltages at Vout.
I hope this answered your questions.