Let's clarify what "effective" voltage means. First of all let's note that this is only really used to describe time-varying periodic voltages. We can imagine taking that voltage and driving across some resistor, R. Since this is a periodic wave it will on average consume some set amount of power.
If we take the same resistor and drive a particular DC voltage, we will consume the same amount of power. This voltage is the Effective Voltage. It is independent of the resistor used. Different resistors will give different power consumption, but for a given periodic voltage input, the effective voltage is the same.
If we go to work the problem out for determining what this effective voltage is for any wave, it effectively comes down to performing the following steps. I recommend working this out from V^2/R to understand why these steps are correct.
- Divide the period up into a bunch of small samples.
- Square the voltage value at each sample.
- Average up all these squared values.
- Take the square root of this average to get an approximation of the effective value.
As you do this with more and more samples (i.e. smaller time between each sample), you approach the effective value. This sequence is called the root-mean-square, or RMS. In other words, RMS Voltage is Effective Voltage.
Now, here is where people get confused. If you go and do the math, you can calculate analytically that for a sine wave $$V_{RMS} = \frac{V_{peak}}{\sqrt 2}$$
This is only true for a sine wave. For most other waves, you simply have to go do the math.
However, for some waves, like a full- and half-wave rectified sine waves, you can use the definition to determine the RMS voltage more simply.
For a full wave rectified wave driven across a resistor, it can be realized that a resistor doesn't care if a voltage is positive or negative, just what the magnitude is. The power is the same as a regular sine wave, therefore the RMS voltage is the same.
For a half wave rectified wave driven across a resistor, again, it can be worked out that the power consumed is 1/2 of the typical sine wave. The power is 1/2 the regular sine wave, but voltages are squared to get power, so:
$$\frac{P_{sine}}{P_{half}} = 2 = \frac{{V_{{RMS}_{sine}}}^2}{{V_{{RMS}_{half}}}^2}$$
which gives
$$\frac{V_{{RMS}_{sine}}}{V_{{RMS}_{half}}} = \sqrt 2 => {V_{{RMS}_{half}}} = \frac{V_{{RMS}_{sine}}}{\sqrt 2} = \frac{V_{peak}}{2}$$
A bit more complicated, but it's easier than calculus.
Following the assumption that there is a purely resistive load: by the definition of the root mean square, you can easily get to:
$$V_{rms} = \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi} \int_\alpha^\pi V_m^2 \sin^2{\omega t} \text{ d}(\omega t)}$$
without any trouble, for any signal. The rest is trig identities and calculus.
$$V_{rms} = V_m\sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}\left( \int_\alpha^\pi \frac{1}{2} -\frac{\cos{\omega t}}{2} \text{ d}(\omega t)\right)}$$
$$V_{rms} = V_m\sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi} \left(\left[\frac{\omega t}{2}\right]_\alpha^\pi - \left[\frac{\sin{2\omega t}}{4}\right]_\alpha^\pi\right)}$$
$$V_{rms} = V_m\sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi} \left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \frac{\alpha}{2} +\frac{\sin{\alpha}}{4}\right)}$$
$$\boxed{V_{rms} = V_m \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}-\frac{\alpha}{2\pi}+\frac{\sin{2\alpha}}{4\pi}}}$$
Best Answer
They're not the same, in general. For a sinusoidal waveform, the difference is about 11%. The square root of the average of the square of a function is not the same as the average of a function.
The average over a half cycle is 2Vp/pi = 0.6366 Vp
The RMS is Vp/sqrt(2) = 0.707107 Vp
The ratio is 1.11.
The ratio will be different for different waveforms, but in general the RMS will always be higher. RMS gives you the power transfer into a resistive load, average does not (except for the degenerate case of DC).
In some cases you may actually want the average (but not for power into a resistive load).
Cheap multimeters often just measure the average of the rectified waveform and read 11.1% high, assuming a sinusoidal waveform.