Reverse Polarity Voltage Protection Using P-MOSFET

If you suddenly connect +12 to the input, the source will immediately rise to +11.3 or so because of the body diode conducting.

The gate will charge towards -11.3V with respect to the source through R?. When the gate reaches the threshold voltage the MOSFET channel will begin to conduct, and by the time the gate-source voltage reaches a few volts the MOSFET channel will be conducting almost all the current, the output voltage will be close to +12V. It continues to charge until it reaches about -7.5V at which point the Zener diode begins to shunt significant current away from the gate.

In steady state with 12V in the gate sits at -7.5V with respect to the source, and the MOSFET happily conducts in the reverse direction to normal.

Edit: Regarding the Zener gate protection I would like to graft a comment below into this answer

You could replace the zener+resistor with a direct connection if you are sure there are no transients. Or with a resistor if the gate is already protected adequately internally. Or a divider under similar conditions. There is a vulnerability whenever a resistor is used in the pathological case where the supply is suddenly reversed (or, less pathologically, connected to AC) because the MOSFET gate charge may not have enough time to bleed off and the circuit downstream will get a nasty pulse at reverse polarity.

Most likely, no. When the SCR fires on an overvoltage, the crowbar current that is needed to blow the fuse also passes through the FET. Since the FET's source is then dragged down to near the negative rail, it'll drop out of conduction, leaving the intrinsic diode passing that current, and it'll almost certainly pop before the fuse.

You could reverse the order of the two parts. Since you don't want the Zener in the crowbar to forward conduct on reverse connection, you'd need to add a diode below R1