Take a look at this:
Then general network is commonly seen when connecting an oscillator to an IC. What is the purpose of this network? Is there an article I can read on it?
What’s the function the network outside a crystal oscillator connected to an IC
crystaloscillatorpassive-networks
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With the details provided, it does seem like the crystal may be damaged - it's the most sensitive component on the board, and there's a good chance the pulser has been dropped a few times during it's long life.
The circuit seems reasonable and if it was originally designed with the resistor (rather than the capacitor), then I'd leave it like that. There are similar circuits out there that do use a capacitor as you say:
I'd go for replacing the crystal - choose a crystal designed for series operation such as the FOXLF160 (as opposed to the FOXLF160-20) While you're grabbing the crystal, getting a couple of 74LS38s wouldn't be a bad idea either, given they are only around 50 pence/cents each.
Also, given the price of decent CMOS oscillators nowadays, the other option is just to buy a 16MHz CMOS oscillator (5V supply tolerant) and replace the first stage with that.
Crystal, or quartz crystal. Crystal resonator is not at all incorrect but they have been called just crystals for over 50 years to no harm...
Ceramic resonator; maybe just resonator, but certainly not crystal or oscillator.
Basically yes. (The middle terminal will be ground). However there are also ceramic filters with this configuration, so be careful and double check the datasheet. (Especially if they are marked with common radio IF frequencies, 455 kHz or 10.7 MHz!)
I don't know; most likely no.2 in different packaging, I have never seen quartz crystals packaged this way.
Yes.
No, though connected to the right pins on an IC it might be. A crystal oscillator is either:
a. something like package (1) with 4 pins; it takes 3.3V or 5V in, and puts out a clean signal (making it dead easy to use), or
b. a circuit involving these components, possibly a resistor, and some kind of amplifier (inside the IC, or a separate transistor) or a misused logic gate, to drive the crystal. In the latter case you can usually substitute a ceramic resonator, but you may have to change the capacitors and a gain setting resistor (or drive limiting resistor) to make it work at all, or work reliably.
Best Answer
The resistor is used to put the logic level buffer inside the CD4060 into linear mode, so it acts like an amplifier rather than the logic gate it was designed to be.
The two capacitors are used to configure the crystal so it operates in a specific way in the feedback path of the amplifier circuit (the internal 4060 buffer and the external resistor) to cause the circuit to oscillate at approximately the crystal's resonant frequency.
There are plenty of articles (even whole books) which have been written on the topic of crystals and crystal oscillators. Most are heavy on the math and steeped in heavy-duty electronic circuit theory jargon and analysis.
There was an Intel Application Note published back in the 1980's or 90's which gave a pretty understandable explanation of the operation of the logic-gate type of crystal oscillator in your question. There were many problems with this type of crystal oscillator implementation back in that era. Today's micros use special processing on the die for this section of their chips and are nowadays quite reliable.
If you are thinking of building this type of crystal oscillator from scratch, be advised that there are certain logic families which are more suited to the task than other.
If you are interested in building a crystal oscillator to learn how it works, you would be better off building a linear version with an op-amp as the gain element. In this linear type of circuit you will have a sinusoidal output (rather than a square wave output with the logic gate type). This will allow you to scope the circuit and more readily understand the operational subtleties involved in its operation.