For what I can see, you are making a double redirect, by using a redirect + rewrite. It shouldn't be necessary to do it (and as you didn't post all the apache config files, including the ones on /etc/apache2/conf.d and sites-enabled or equivalent), you might also have a missing setting or something overwriting it regarding the SSL settings.
Try something like this for ex. domain1.tld.conf
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName domain1.tld
Redirect permanent / https://www.domain1.tld
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName www.domain1.tld
Redirect permanent / https://www.domain1.tld
</VirtualHost>
OR, you could even simplify it to a single VirtualHost and single file for testing using an Alias:
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName domain1.tld
ServerAlias www.domain1.tld
Redirect permanent / https://www.domain1.tld
</VirtualHost>
<IfModule mod_ssl.c>
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName www.domain1.tld
....
SSLEngine On
SSLCertificateFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/www.domain1.tld/fullchain.pem
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/www.domain1.tld/privkey.pem
...
</VirtualHost>
</IfModule>
Of course, for this to work, you must have a working HTTPS VirtualHost too, with a valid SSL certificate and the SSL and Headers modules enabled in Apache (a2enmod ssl, a2enmod headers). You should probably check this connecting directly to the HTTPS versions of the sites. If the HTTPS version is not working correctly, the redirects will fail.
Regarding your updated questions about the redirects still working after removing the configuration for the plain VirtualHost in port 80, you are probably suffering from a cache of your web browser or something like that. If you want to try the HTTPS site, and not the redirects, simply fill the URL with the whole protocol and subdomain https://www.domain1.tld, you can also use another browser (or private windows) to accomplish the cache override.
And you should always check the /var/log/apache2 log files, the access.log and error.log will be helpful in debugging the issues.
Best Answer
Yes you can, use the redirect action.
For example:
Though if doing a straight redirect like above you’d be better doing this in Apache.