Electrical – Alternatives to RFID – RUBEE

You can certainly transmit 125 kHz with a signal on it, but most likely this won't be picked up as you expect by the reader.

The details depend on the exact reader design. The few I've seen the inner workings of didn't look at signal strength in their vicinity because they were always transmitting. They looked for changes in load on the transmitter. Basically the change in load was high pass filtered, then that signal attempted to be interpreted as the expected digital data stream. The tag sends its signal by varying the load on its receiving coil. As you can imagine, lots of things can go wrong with this so there are lots of retries and CRC checksums on each message.

I've heard some fancy readers modulate the outgoing field to encode a challenge number. The tag hashes this with its stored internal unique number and responds with the result. That prevents someone from easily copying a tag by getting it to dump its ID once. However, these kinds of systems are much rarer and I've never seen the details of such a reader.

In both cases as far as I know, the reader is looking for varying load on its antenna, which is basically a coil. Another outside signal at the same frequency would interfere contructively or destructively, depending on what the phase relationship happened to be. It's possible that the destructive interference could look like a higher load, but I've never tried that nor heard of anyone trying that. If you get the carrier phase wrong, I suppose the bits would look inverted, which probably would not be a valid message.

All in all I don't think this will work very well, if at all.

No, it can't be done. RFIDs work in the "near field", which is the area around an antenna where the transmitter can sense changes in signal absorption.

Low frequency RFID (125 kHz) works at distances in the centimeter range. High frequency RFID (13 MHz) is used up to a couple of meters. There's no way a transmitter can detect a tag at kilometers of distance.

edit in reply to PeterJ's comment
RFID is the name of a technology where receiver tags actively load the RF signal (the carrier), and that load is detected by the transmitter. By pulsing the load a signal is sent to the transmitter.
There are lots of RF data transmitter-receivers which can reach up to tens of kilometers, but they're not RFID.

better solution
A better solution would be an ordinary transmitter equipped with GPS receiver, which broadcasts an SOS (I think there's an RF band reserved for this) including GPS coordinates.