Electrical – How to add DC offset to a sine wave (so from -2.5V – 2.5V to 0V – 5V)

I think a series clipper can do this job. The circuit of which is shown below.

Vd in schematic is the forward drop of diode D.

Here's an idea: A simple and rough solution by biasing a diode with a small current. It becomes non-linear and rectifies even quite small AC voltages.

I've drawn a possible circuit. You could refine all of the values to suit your exact requirements. D_A and D_B are a pair in one SOT23 case. R1 and R3 supply the bias current to the diodes, from a 3.3 V rail. R2 and C2 are a filter to reject the 2 MHz and provide a stable output; they have a time constant well under 1 ms, very little 2 MHz gets through. A larger R2 or larger C2 might be a good idea, depending on the speed of your control loop. To use this circuit you must sample and process both the rectified RF output, and the temperature sensing output, and do some calculations on the results. (The switch is only to allow me to see the difference between RF On and RF Off).

Advantages of this circuit:

• Cheap at under $0.10 for components (excluding the sense resistor)
• No exotic components - Just one dual-1N4148 and some R and C.
• Sensitive down to 50 mV AC, but errors will creep in
• Very little part sensitivity, as long as the two diodes are matched and at the same temperature, or in the same package. Use 1% resistors.
• Very little frequency sensitivity
• Very little temperature sensitivity, once compensated (not sensitive to tempco of capacitors)
• Low component count
• Also acts as a thermometer

Disadvantages:

• Is also a thermometer. You need to regularly sample the other diode, to check the junction voltage due to the temperature alone.
• Some calculations to be done in software, could be as simple as a subtraction.
• No voltage gain. Vout drops by about 270 mV with a 240 mV (RMS) AC input
• Slightly non-linear response, DC voltage is not linear with AC voltage.

It works like this:

And plotting only the output DC voltages (here with a 100 mV peak AC signal):

BOM, (lowest cost reels from DigiKey)

• 1 x pair of diodes: $ 0.01560
• 3 x 100k resistors: $ 0.00093 each
• 2 x Ceramic NP0 capacitors: $ 0.03914 each Total BOM: about $ 0.09667

A quick investigation into the sensitivity of the circuit to parameter variations shows that once the equations are worked out, it should not be sensitive to temperature, frequency or changes in capacitance.

Starting with 2 MHz, 10 deg C, and 100 mV AC (Peak):

• Base configuration: 539 (Vtemp) to 492 mV (Vout), 47 mV difference
• 40 deg C : 449 to 406 mV, 42 mV No sensitivity to temperature (after subtraction)
• 1.5 MHz : 539 to 492 mV, 47 mV. No sensitivity to Frequency
• R1/R3 22K: 599 to 553 mV, 46 mV. No sensitivity to current, works well with more bias current. Source impedance of rectifier now drops too, it now stabilises in 0.3 ms instead of 0.6. R1 and R3 must still be matched...
• 50 mV AC: 539 to 525 mV, 14 mV (practical lower limit of voltage)
• 200 mV AC: 539 to 409 mV, 130 mV
• 339 mV AC: 539 to 284 mV, 255 mV (This is your operating point, 240 mV RMS)
• 356 mV AC: 539 to 268 mV, 271 mV (operating point + 5%)

In Summary

• This circuit rectifies a 240 mV RMS AC voltage, to provide a 250 mV change in DC voltage.
• If the AC voltage changes by 5%, the DC voltage changes by about 6%, a delta of 16 mV.
• It has no sensitivity to typical component tolerances, that would cause errors beyond 5%.
• The exact DC value depends on temperature, but this is easily calibrated by comparison with a second diode in the same package, with the same bias but no AC.
• A 12 bit A/D will give a resolution of about 0.25% per LSB, though in practice the resistor tolerance and diode matching will limit the accuracy long before this.