Electrical – Impedance matching for maximum power transfer

That's a relatively wide bandwidth to match a circuit over. The Bode-Fano equation governs bandwidth/return loss for reactive circuits, and google has some articles that will help with this. As long as the impedances you are working with don't vary much, you can do a decent job of matching. Resistive matches are pretty broadband, but lossy.

The characteristic impedance of any cable at high frequencies is determined by the inductance per unit length and the capacitance per unit length. It should not to be regarded as a conventional lossy resistor - characteristic impedance is simply the impedance that the cable should ideally be terminated with to prevent reflections.

So, reflections happen when there is a mismatch between the termination and the cable's characteristic impedance.

Consider a longish piece of coax fed at one end with an instantaneous voltage of 5V. That 5V will take some finite time to travel down to the load (lets say the load is 1 kohm) so it cannot know how much current the load needs. However, the cable "informs" the source how much current to flow - if it's 50 ohm cable then 100 mA will flow. So you have 5 V and 100 mA rapidly travelling down the cable and they reach the load to find that it's 1 kohm.

In other words, too much current is flowing for a 1kohm load with 5V applied. So a reflection occurs to combat the excessive current. After a few cycles of "there and back" things settle down.

Here's a nice picture of a transient wave passing through a mismatch (vertical black line) - note the energy reflected back to the source: -

Because I'm old and sometimes wise I can tell you that the left half of the cable has a higher characteristic impedance than the right half. There are two clues that tell me this. First clue; the width of the pulse shortens in the right half implying the velocity has dropped as the pulse entered this right hand area, Clue 2; there is a negative voltage reflection.

Now, think about that vertical black line - can you imagine that the black line is a solid wall and you're holding a rope attached to that wall. You wiggle the rope to induce a transient pulse and you'll get a reflection coming back just like the picture above. Same phenomena, same maths.

There are plenty of great pictures on the web that demo this. Here's one that shows how a transmitted square wave becomes misshaped: -

Note that the "ringing" does look like traditional LC type ringing but, if you inspect closely you'll see that they are slightly rounded-off square wave reflections adding and subtracting from what would be the perfect received signal.

Here are two animations of a pulse hitting an open circuit (top) and a pulse hitting a short circuit (bottom). Note the polarity of the reflection heading back to the left: -

Regarding the value of 50 ohms, 50 ohms is a compromise between power (power prefers lower impedances) and attenuation characteristics (75 ohms is much preferred to reduce high frequency attenuation).

And finally, the Shive wave machine: -

You can watch a 30 minute video on youtube that is really great I reckon. It deals with all sorts of reflections and loading effects but uses a mechanical analogy of the transmission line. Video HERE