Wow, where to start...
If you blind yourself from the arc or electrocute yourself, it's your own fault. These sorts of do-it-yourself circuits can produce LETHAL amounts of energy and are easily FATAL.
Now to your questions:
I don't know what this exactly means, but I think it means to wind 5 turns with two separate coils and connect the two middle ones together.
Correct. What you're describing is two windings of 5 turns with the end of the first winding connected to the start of the second winding (technical speak for 'the middle ones').
I used fairly thick magnet wire from a radio shack roll of three thicknesses (i used the thickest). (tell me if i need thicker).
"Fairly thick" is completely relative and not helpful. The 5+5 turn windings are used to source energy to the arc that's formed by the open HV terminals. It's difficult to predict just how much current can flow since (I believe) this sort of self-oscillating, non-controlled design is going to be dominated by parasitic elements and hard-to-control elements like transformer coupling, the resistance of the windings, the layout of the switching devices with respect to the transformer, etc. - so, use the thickest magnet wire that you can fit on the core.
I am planning on winding one myself due to price, so what size toroid core should I buy, is that same magnet wire reasonable for 10 amps or do I have to buy larger, aprox. how many winds do I need to get close enough for the circuit to work!
You should do a complete inductor design. The number of turns on the toroid depends on the core's inductance factor (\$A_L\$) which of course depends on the exact toroid you're going to be using. There's no magic solution here. As for wire, I'd guesstimate 18AWG magnet wire or thicker to minimize DC losses. Go for a toroid that has room for more turns that you calculate, so that you can more easily add more turns if you find you need more inductance.
Third, I have a bunch (like 30) aerovox capacitors. The schematic calls for 6 1μf 270 volt capacitors to make a large bank but I looked and they can get quite pricy especialy when buying 6 of them so I am wondering if these would work.
The idea is to use multiple capacitors to divide up the current, so these in parallel should work. The inductor and capacitor values define the operating frequency (or so a few websites say) so try and keep the same capacitance value as the original schematic as a starting point.
Next, is the flyback itself suitable for a ZVS driver? And is it possible I don't even have to wind my own primary? (maybe it has something like 5+5 turns already built in)
You tell us. It's your transformer, after all. Seriously, "flyback transformer" is a broad term that covers many more devices than those found in CRTs. And I wouldn't trust any windings other than the multi-turn high-voltage one (that's the reason you're recycling a CRT transformer and not building your own transformer, right?)
My main concern is winding the primary of the flyback CORRECTLY and EFFICIENTLY and the capacitor bank and the inductor.
This sort of homebrew work doesn't lead itself to immediate efficiency. You probably won't hit the sweet spot the first few times, especially if you don't have any power electronics knowledge.
Induction heating is not a resonance phenomenon. There is no one resonance frequency that will work better than any other. Rather, there is possibly an increase in magnetic coupling efficiency with increase in frequency, then a decrease with further increase of frequency as losses (skin effect, capacitive interwinding coupling, etc.) increase.
The major factors in how fast you will heat is the geometry of your magnetic system, the amount of current you input, and the magnetic coupling coefficient (which is frequency-dependent).
The geometry will influence the efficiency of magnetic coupling to the specific shape of object you're heating.
The eddy current induction in the object being heated is strongly dependent on the current in the induction coil. So if you have a coil with many turns, the effective current is multiplied, very much like the turns on a transformer winding. For maximum induction efficiency, you need to match the inductance of the induction coil to the electrical drive. Vdrive= 2πfLI. In an induction coil with few turns and no ferrite you will have small L, consequently I can be large for a small V.
If you are limited to the existing power supplies you have, then the major factor you can control is the number of turns of wire in your induction coil, and the core material. I would start out actually measuring your coil voltage and current under operation. It's possible that your power supply is poorly matched, and is actually current-limiting so that you are not supplying nearly as much power to the induction coil as the power supply is capable of delivering. In this case, increasing the number of turns in the coil will make a big difference in heating efficiency.
Best Answer
Thank you to everyone that commented.
Your comments were taken on board and I have since looked into this more fully. I built my own circuit to drive this load and that is what the scopes are from. The coil was 7 turns of 5mm copper, with 2uH capacitance added. My driver did not blow up but because I was having issues and have quite complex schematics I reverted to sticking a mazilli driver on it to see what would happen and determine if it was my circuit or the load (Mazilli driver from - http://gaugeboson.com/electronics/high_voltage.html)
When the Mazilli driver was connected it would heat rapidly and blow in about a minute @ 150-200w. The parasitics pictured were greater in amplitude than the sine in the case of the mazilli.
Anyway I have found the answer after about 18 hours of troubleshooting, 5 mosfets and 2 burnt caps later, and post it as it may help some people using Mazilli drivers for their tesla coils/ etc as I have done in the past
Stray inductance.
If your having a similar issue with your flyback drivers as I was having with my own circuit, and then the mazilli, it may help to place larger capacitance directly across (i.e. as close as possible) to the drains of the fets. This stopped the Mazilli blowing up and allowed me to then attach and troubleshoot my circuit (well the load, as the circuit operates fine on other loads). From testing I would say that the capacitance at this location should be at least 1/3rd of the total capacitance of the tank to eliminate the issue, at least in my case.
I can only fathom that the inductance between the load and the fets was setting up another resonant tank that resonated upon switching the fets due to Miller effect. In the case of the mazilli, which relies upon the gates being pulled low by the fet that's on, it would resonate all over the place in and out of the linear region, thus destruction. On the mazilli I got as much as 8mhz oscillations occurring. I am not sure if coupling of the coil to the circuit could cause such interference or not?
Anyway, thank you for the input of others and hope that inadvertently this question may assist someone experiencing parasitics in their own ZVS. I still don't know why this load was so troublesome as the leads are very short but will re-design it more appropriately moving forward.