Electrical – What does the recommended values on a motor mean

First, the torque constant \$k_t\$ for a DC machine is derived as follows. If you assume a constant speed and you neglect any losses or saturation, then the power into a motor equals the power out of the motor, or \$E*I = T*\omega\$, where \$E\$ is the line to line EMF, \$I\$ is the DC input current, and \$T\$ is the torque at speed \$\omega\$. From this we can say that \$k = \frac{E}{\omega} = \frac{T}{I}\$. Let me repeat the assumptions that were made for this equality to be true:

1. Constant speed
2. Lossless energy conversion
3. DC input current

If those 3 assumptions hold, then \$k\$ is a constant of proportionality. Traditionally for a brushed DC motor, we've given \$k\$ two different names, \$k_E = \frac{E}{\omega}\$ and \$k_T = \frac{T}{I}\$, where \$k = k_E = k_T\$ (assuming your units are \$\frac{Volts}{rad/sec}\$ and \$\frac{N*m}{Amp}\$, respectively).

Second, assumption #3 above poses a problem when we switch from DC motors to brushless motors because brushless motors are typically driven with either square (trapezoidal) currents or sinusoidal currents. Another issue that arises is that due to the commutator in an ideal DC machine, the EMF \$E\$ is a mean rectified EMF over all the coils in the machine. In a brushless machine, we aren't dealing with a mean EMF but rather an EMF with a waveform that depends on how the motor is built. The two ideal cases are a trapezoidal EMF and a sinusoidal EMF. Another issue that arises that in the ideal DC motor above the line to line EMF is just 1 phase while in a brushless motor, the line to line EMF be 2 phases in the case of a Wye connected brushless motor. In some cases (for example, a motor with trapezoidal EMF and driven by square wave currents), the \$k = \frac{E}{\omega} = \frac{T}{I}\$ equality still holds for a brushless motor. In other cases (for example, a motor with sinusoidal EMF and driven by sinusoidal currents), the equality does not hold.

Third, you can't calculate \$k_T\$ based on 1 data point. Typically a motor manufacturer would calculate \$k_T\$ by hooking the motor to a dynamometer and then measuring voltage, current, speed and torque while increasing the torque. They would then take a best fit line of the torque vs. current curve and the slope of that line would be \$k_T\$. This line will not go through the origin because of friction (that is, the motor requires a certain minimum amount of current to get the motor started) and many motors will not have a linear torque vs. current curve for high values of current (due to saturation). Also, generally this test is done at room temperature and it is done quickly to keep the temperature of the motor as close to room temperature as possible. The ratings in the chart above would have been performed with the motor windings at a high temperature (at the rated temperature of the insulation).

Fourth, why did I tell you all of that? Because most people when dealing with brushless motors assume things about \$k_T\$ that aren't true. Most often they treat it as the same as a DC brushed motor with a commutator. They also neglect losses due to friction and saturation. The other issue is that there really is no standard definition of \$k_T\$ in the industry. It could refer to the line to line or the line to neutral value. It could refer to the RMS or the peak value.

Fifth, if you forget about \$k_T\$ for a moment (since you aren't given enough information in your chart to determine \$k_T\$ anyway) your question boils down to "If 2 motors have the same rated torque but different input currents, what determines that input current?" Your intuition that it has to do with voltage is correct. If you increase the current from 48 V to 85 V, then in order to maintain the same input power, your current will decrease by the ratio \$\frac{85 V}{48 V} = 1.7\$. You'll see that that the current does indeed decrease by that amount \$\frac{2.4 A}{1.7} = 1.4 A\$. Motor designers have a rule of thumb where if have a motor design and you want to increase the voltage by a certain ratio, then all you need to do is increase the number of turns by that ratio and decrease the wire area by that ratio. Doing that changes the resistance by the correct amount but keeps the flux in the motor the same.

What you need to do is to buy both step up and step down converters. During the day, you use a step down converter to charge battery from your 5V solar panel. When you need to charge your phone, you use the step up converter to convert 3.7V up to 5V.

There are couple issues you need to watch out. First, you need to find proper step down converter. Most step down converters are regulator (fixed output). They are OK, but not ideal because the voltage of battery changes after ages and you have no control of how much power goes in battery. It may cause damage of the battery and inefficient charge. Then, when you buy your step up converter, making sure they are capable of 2 amp. You don't need to measure the current since you have a fixed load (basic physics 101, fix voltage and fixed load gives you fixed current) Also, using AA battery not gonna fly because they output power of them are too low and the capacity of them is very small. You need something having output power 10 to 15W (3.7V with 3A at least).

There are also other aspects I didn't cover. You need to do a lot more research.