Electronic – BJT astable multivibrator generate triangle wave

First all below concerns only CMOS gates with switching point at 1/2 of Vcc. So, not HCT series. HC series are OK and 4xxx too.

At first, R1 does not affect the frequency at all. It is placed there in order to make the input current of the inverter (through the protection diodes) to not affect the work of the schematic. That is why it should be much bigger than R2.

The frequency of the schematic is \$F=\frac{1}{2.2.R_2.C_1}\$

How it is derived?

^{simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab}

At first notice that the voltage in points 2 and 3 can be only 0 or Vcc.

The schematic turns in the other stage when V1 is equal to the half of the power voltage.

When the second gate output flips from 1 to 0, the capacitor is charged to -0.5Vcc (the left plate is negative), so V1 becomes -0.5Vcc and starts to increase because R2 is connected to Vcc: $$ \tau = R_2.C_1 $$ $$ V_1 = V_{cc}.(1-e^{-\frac{t}{\tau}})-\frac{V_{cc}}{2}.e^{-\frac{t}{\tau}} = V_{cc} - \frac{3.V_{cc}}{2}.e^{-\frac{t}{\tau}} $$ The switching of the schematic will happen when V1 becomes equal to Vcc/2, so: $$ \frac{V_{cc}}{2} = V_{cc} - \frac{3.V_{cc}}{2}.e^{-\frac{t}{\tau}} $$ Or: $$ \frac{V_{cc}}{2} = \frac{3.V_{cc}}{2}.e^{-\frac{t}{\tau}} $$ $$ \frac{1}{3} = e^{-\frac{t}{\tau}} => 3 = e^{\frac{t}{\tau}} $$ $$ ln 3 = \frac{t}{\tau} $$ $$ t = \tau.ln 3 = R_2.C_1.ln 3 = 1.098612289.R_2.C_1 $$

This is the half of the period (because the schematic switches exactly on the half of the Vcc), so the period: $$ T = 2.t = 2.197224577.R_2.C_1 $$

BTW: This oscillator has very high frequency stability, both, by the temperature and by the Vcc. This way its use have to be encouraged for all schematics where quartz stability is not needed.

Simple triangle-wave generator using two op-amps. One op-amp is configured as a Schmitt trigger, other op-amp is an integrator. You mention 5V, so I'll include the bias network needed for single-supply operation. Note that you have to use op-amps with rail-to-rail inputs AND outputs.

^{simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab}

Component values are NOT necessarily correct: R5 & C2 control the frequency. The ratio of R3 & R4 control the amplitude of the triangle wave - this also affects frequency.