Electronic – Building a passive ethernet hub with anti-parallel diodes

Just so we're on the same page, we're talking about the transformer + rectifier + capacitor circuit that has been used for linear power supplies for decades, right? Something like this:

                +--+----+-----+
                |  |    |     |
              d1-  -d2  |     |
                ^  ^    |     |
  +---\  /-R1---+  |    |     |
120VAC T1 24VAC |  |    |   (load)
  +---/  \---------+    |     |
                |  |    |     |
              d3-  -d4 ---c1  |
                ^  ^   ---    |
                |  |    |     |
                +--+----+-----+-- GND

I'm assuming what you're really trying to find out is: What VA rating should I specify when I buy a transformer for my system?

The I^2R heating of a coil inside that transformer is proportional to the RMS current through that coil. If you keep that RMS current low enough, the manufacturer guarantees that the transformer will not overheat and fail. (Most manufacturers specify that max RMS current indirectly, implying it from the VA rating of the transformer.)

quick, conservative calculation

Say you already know the peak number of electrons per second flowing through some diode (Id_max) and what fraction of the full 1/60 second cycle that diode has nonzero flow (D). Then I can get a quick estimate of the VA rating required for the transformer with

estimated_I_RMS = 2 * D * Id_max^2.

So, for example, if you somehow know that any one diode is conducting 1/17th of a full cycle -- in other words, d1 conducts 2/17 of one half cycle, then it has zero current while d2 conducts 2/17 of the next half cycle, and so nonzero current is flowing through the transformer 2/17 of the time.

Say, for example, you also know that Id_max is 2 A. At any instant, whenever (nonzero) electrons are flowing through any diode, exactly the same number of electrons per second are flowing through the transformer. So the maximum electrons per second through any diode (Id_max) is the same as the maximum electrons per second through the transformer (Itx_max).

Then I estimate the RMS current through the transformer as

2 * (1/17) * (2 A)^2 = about 0.47 A_RMS

so for a 24 VAC output transformer, I would need to specify

estimated_VA = Vrms * estimated_I_RMS = 24 VAC * 0.47 A_RMS = about 11.3 VA.

Of course, no one sells transformers that are exactly 11.3 VA, so I'd round up to a 12 VA or a 15 VA or a 20 VA transformer -- whatever my suppliers have in stock at some reasonable cost.

This is a conservative estimate -- the actual RMS current through the transformer is somewhat less than this estimate, but more than the RMS current through the load.

more details

To more accurately calculate the actual RMS current flowing through the transformer, I could divide up the complete cycle into 6 or so time slices, estimate the current flowing during each time slice -- that's pretty easy when it's zero -- and then do the root-mean-square (RMS) calculation: square each current, average each of those squared values, weighted by the time that current was flowing, and then that the square root of that average. It might be quicker and more accurate to run a simulation with thousands of time-slices than to work it out by hand.

There are many techniques for reducing the RMS current through the transformer while supplying exactly the same power to the load. Electric power companies love those techniques, because their customers are just as happy (the load gets exactly the same power), they get paid the same amount of money (for customers that pay per kWh), and they can spend less money for transformers and long power lines (because higher RMS currents require bigger, heavier, more expensive transformers and power lines). Those techniques go by the general name of "power factor correction".

Related:

• Ripple current in a linear power supply transformer
• Calculating the True Power Factor in non-linear loads

Perhaps the simplest such technique is the "R1" resistor in the above diagram. Some systems use a more complicated "valley fill" circuit -- see Serial capacitors in electronic ballast of a fluorescent lamp . And many systems -- such as most computer power supplies -- use an even more complicated "active power correction" system.

In your first example, before the switch opens, there is a current flowing through L. When the switch opens the current wants to continue flowing in the same direction so this has to create a positive voltage on the right-hand side of L relative to the left hand side (which is fixed at +Vs).

This positive voltage causes current to continue to flow and this current finds the path of least resistance through diode D. It continues to flow until all the magnetic energy in the inductor is gone then current = 0 and the voltage on the right hand side of L is the same as the left hand side i.e. +Vs.

In the 2nd example with the H bridge, all the diodes are needed because it has to cater for scenarios when the motor is deactivated i.e. pin 3 and pin 6 are open circuit. This is the simplest way to explain it I think. The motor current may have previously been upwards or downwards so all four diodes are needed to catch the back emf when the motor is switched off.

Also, current flow back into the H-Bridge circuit does not appear very practical.

That's how they work.