brhans got it already quite right: The TL082 is unsuitable for your problem, neither it supports input voltages close to the negative supply pin, nor it is able to output voltages near the negative supply.
The TL082 is meant to be supplied with a negative voltage way below any signal voltage that occurs in your circuit. Typically, op-amps like that are powered from a "split supply" that emits a voltage higher than all positive signal voltages as V+ and a second voltage V- which is lower than all negative signal voltages in that circuit. Usually, GND is in the center between V+ and V-. In your case, you need the operational amplifier to work when you have a positive supply voltage significantly exceeding the positive peak, but no negative supply voltage exceeding the negative peak, you just have ground. Because you have a single supply voltage "V+" instead of two of them, called "V+" and "V-", this operation is mode is called single supply, and operational amplifiers that work with input and output voltages close to ground are called "single supply operational amplifiers".
Another problem is that the data sheet starts with supply voltages of +/-5V, which means GND + 5V at V+, and GND - 5V at V-, which results in a difference of 10V. It does not tell you anything about operation at a mere 5V supply, at probably the chip would perform quite poor even if input and output voltages are near to 2.5V.
The suggested LM358 is a very cheap operational amplifier which is designed to work with inputs near the negative supply. The LM358 datasheet thus explicitly states in the highlights:
Input Common-Mode Voltage Range Includes Ground
The output voltage of the LM358 should be above 0.6V, because the chip is very weak at pulling the voltage lower. The datasheet still claims that the output can swing to ground, which is technically true, if there is no significant current to sink.
The LM358 does not have JFET inputs as the TL082 and thus consumes a measurable amount of current at the inputs (while op-amp theory tells you an op-amp would have infinite input resistance), this current is called the input bias current, and the data sheet specifies around 50 nanoamps which flows from the positive supply out of the input pins and must be delivered to ground by external circuits. The resistors in your example are low enough that 50nA shouldn't matter, though. Similar op-amps exists with a single amplifier in a 8-pin package (LM321) and 4 amplifiers in a 14-pin-package (LM324).
One example of better cheap single-supply opamp than the LM321/LM358/LM324 series is the TLC27x series.
LM358 is not a rail-to-rail opamp (neither input nor output).
The input CM range includes the negative rail and the output can swing close to the negative rail under the correct conditions, however this configuration passes current If to the output, and if that current exceeds (typically) about 50uA then the output can no longer swing all that close to the negative rail. This is all in the datasheet.
Your choices are to use a better op-amp (but it still will have to sink current so it can never get all the way to the negative rail) or create a negative supply. Up to you.
Best Answer
The LM358 (like other op-amps in that similar range) has the ability to pull-down its output to close to 0 volts because it uses a 50 uA current sink on the output. Without that current sink, the minimum output voltage would be about 0.6 volts above the negative rail (0 volts in your example): -
And here comes the problem; your feedback resistor is acting like a pull-up resistor to 2.5 volts (set by R2 and Rg) and this negates the effectiveness of the internal 50 uA current sink because Rf will try and inject 250 uA into the output pin thus lifting it up above 0 volts.