Circuit Analysis – Understanding Diode and Capacitor in a Circuit

never really played with a PUT before (actually never heard of em) but i was interested and read the datasheet.

It looks like the current through the PUT is dependent on the resistance between gate and ground, which explains why when the cap is feeding the LED it doesn't get really mad about the LED not having a current limiting resistor. In this case the Rg gate resistance is your R3. My guess is that when you moved R3 up to 96k your limiting the current so much that your LED isn't getting to full brightness.

Additionally the low limit of this current combined with a really big cap means your capacitor discharges much slower. Combine this with the very small R1, which charges the cap quickly, and i'm betting you are getting some oscillation, but its happening very, very fast.

Try a larger R1, smaller R3 and whatever sized R2 you need to keep the divider ratio the same. Ideally track down a smaller cap, it would make finding the resistor sizes needed easier.

When the relay coil is open circuited whilst current is flowing, without some "protection" device a high voltage spark can be generated that can destroy transistors. A capacitor across the coil can suppress this spike. The energy contained in the relay coil's magnetic field flows into the capacitor charging it up but, some of that energy is converted to heat in the resistance of the coil windings.

At some point the coil has pushed out all the available energy and the capacitor has a voltage across its terminals due to it "collecting" the energy and the cycle reverses with the capacitor (because it's in parallel with the relay coil) now forcing current to flow into the coil. But some of that energy transferred is again given off by heat in the coil resistance so a little less current is built-up within the coil.

At some point later the capacitor terminal voltage is zero meaning it has transferred all its energy into the current in the coil and that current starts the process of recharging the capacitor in the reverse direction.

The cycle repeats with a little less energy each time due to heat losses in the resistance of the coil and eventually (usually after a few milli seconds) it's done and there's no appreciable energy left in inductor or capacitor. The maximum voltage that the circuit reached would be (by design) no greater than twice the original supply voltage and probably a lot less - it all depends on how big the suppression cap is.

So, you apply power to the relay in the normal way and you are also supplying some energy to the cap but because it is dc, the cap soon charges up and doesn't draw current for most of the time the relay is energized.

Similarly, a diode doesn't draw any current when the power is applied to the relay because it is reverse biased but, when the relay opens, the current in the coil has to go somewhere (or make a big spark) and it suddenly finds it is connected across a forward biased diode. The energy circulates around coil and diode dissipating power from the diode and the relay coil and never attaining a voltage greater than supply voltage + 0.7V.

The two components protect the relay driver circuit but they are totally different parts and act very differently in this circuit.