Electronic – Dual power supply confusing TTL serial

You can definitely transmit data using just TX & GND.

Firstly, you want to hook up the ATtiny85 TX line to the FTDI RX line (yellow on the TTL-232R). Make sure that the USB adapter can handle 5V - I'm fairly sure even the 3.3V TTL-232R is 5V tolerant.

According to the example page for SoftwareSerial, you need to set the direction of the TX & RX lines in your setup function:

// include the SoftwareSerial library so you can use its functions:
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

#define rxPin 2
#define txPin 3
#define ledPin 13

// set up a new serial port
SoftwareSerial mySerial =  SoftwareSerial(rxPin, txPin);
byte pinState = 0;

void setup()  {
  // define pin modes for tx, rx, led pins:
  pinMode(rxPin, INPUT);
  pinMode(txPin, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
  // set the data rate for the SoftwareSerial port
  mySerial.begin(9600);
}

The baudrate will be 4800 in your case. The SoftwareSerial library doesn't seem to support CTS & RTS, so just make sure you aren't using them on the host software.

Check out the reference page for more details, where they talk about some potential timing issues which may be exacerbated if you're running at 1MHz using the internal oscillator on the tiny.

With TTL serial, there are two unidirectional data lines. Each is driven by the sender, both high and low. A 0 bit is represented by 0V a 1 bit by VCC.

The receiver's pin should be set to an input.

So, for a microcontroller to send a byte (8-N-1 no flow control) it could do something like this:

#define BAUDRATE 9600
#define DELAY (SYS_CLK/BAUDRATE)

#define UART_BITBANG_OFF     UART_BITBANG_PORT |= _BV(UART_BITBANG_PIN)
#define UART_BITBANG_ON      UART_BITBANG_PORT &= ~ _BV(UART_BITBANG_PIN)

#define UART_BITBANG_BIT(bit) {if (bit) UART_BITBANG_ON; else UART_BITBANG_OFF; _delay_us(DELAY);}

void uart_bitbang_init(void)
{
    UART_BITBANG_DDR &= ~ _BV(UART_BITBANG_PIN);        // TX output
}

void uart_bitbang_putc(uint8_t c)
{
    UART_BITBANG_BIT(1)
    UART_BITBANG_BIT((c & 0x1) == 0);
    UART_BITBANG_BIT((c & 0x2) == 0);
    UART_BITBANG_BIT((c & 0x4) == 0);
    UART_BITBANG_BIT((c & 0x8) == 0);
    UART_BITBANG_BIT((c & 0x10) == 0);
    UART_BITBANG_BIT((c & 0x20) == 0);
    UART_BITBANG_BIT((c & 0x40) == 0);
    UART_BITBANG_BIT((c & 0x80) == 0);
    UART_BITBANG_BIT(0);
}

(This code reads a bit backwards as it was originally meant for inverted TTL serial)

Of course, most MCUs have hardware UARTs which do all this for you.

Here's what you'd see on a scope:

https://www.pololu.com/docs/0J25/4.a

Here's a great video from ladyada explaining serial: http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2010/09/15/usb-serial-and-you-video-an-adafruit-after-school-special/