Electronic – EEPROM with high endurance

It's the same basic principle. These type of insulated gate stored charge memory cells can be made with various tradeoffs. Generally those called EEPROM are optimized for more write cycles and individual access, while "flash" is optimized for high density and therefore lower cost. Compare the ratio of the number of "EEPROM" bits versus "flash" bits on the same chip. It would be too expensive to implement the large main processor memory with the same devices as what they call EEPROM. Also compare the write and erase block sizes to see another difference.

Actually flash is just a type of EEPROM, since EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. Flash is largely a marketing term for a insulated gate stored charge non-volatile EEPROM optimized for a certain set of characteristics.

This depends on the device.

RAM can be built faster than Flash; this starts to become important in about the 100MHz range.

Simple microcontrollers

Small slow microcontrollers execute directly out of Flash. These systems usually have more Flash than SRAM too.

Midrange systems

Once your device gets faster then the situation is a little different. Midrange ARM systems may do that as well, or they may have a mask ROM bootloader that does something smarter: perhaps downloading code from USB or external EEPROMs into internal SRAM.

Large systems

Larger, faster systems will have external DRAM and external Flash. This is typical of a mobile phone architecture. At this point, there is plenty of RAM available and it's faster than the Flash, so the bootloader will copy and execute it. This may involve shovelling it through the CPU registers or it may involve a DMA transfer if a DMA unit is available.

Harvard architectures are typically small so don't bother with the copying phase. I've seen an ARM with "hybrid harvard", which is a single address space containing various memories but two different fetch units. Code and data can be fetched in parallel, as long as they are not from the same memory. So you could fetch code from Flash and data from SRAM, or code from SRAM and data from DRAM etc.