Electronic – How to make a discrete voltage detector

You should see immediately that the 7.09V can't be right. 7.09V on one end of the resistors and 12V on the other end can never give you 7V on the non-inverting input. Your equation for \$V_{REF}\$ seems to be wrong.

Here's how I do it. Since the current through the resistors is the same we have

\$ \begin{cases} \dfrac{V_{SAT+} - V_{UT}}{nR} = \dfrac{V_{UT} - V_{REF}}{R} \\ \\ \dfrac{V_{SAT-} - V_{LT}}{nR} = \dfrac{V_{LT} - V_{REF}}{R} \end{cases} \$

Filling in the parameters and eliminating R:

\$ \begin{cases} \dfrac{12V - 7V}{n} = 7V - V_{REF} \\ \\ \dfrac{0V - 6V}{n} = 6V - V_{REF} \end{cases} \$

From the second equation:

\$ V_{REF} = \dfrac{n + 1}{n} 6V \$

Replacing \$V_{REF}\$ in the other equation:

\$ \dfrac{12V - 7V}{n} = 7V - \dfrac{n + 1}{n} 6V \$

We find \$n =11\$, that's also the value you found. But my \$V_{REF}\$ is different:

\$ V_{REF} = \dfrac{n + 1}{n} 6V = 6.55V \$

This is OK for a theoretical calculation, but in practice you may have a problem: do you have a 6.55V source? The typical way to solve this is to get a reference voltage via a resistor divider from your 12V power supply, and then you get this circuit:

We still have 2 equations, but three unknowns, so we can choose 1. Let's pick a 30k\$\Omega\$ for R3. Then, applying KCL:

\$ \begin{cases} \dfrac{12V - V_{UT}}{R1} + \dfrac{V_{SAT+} - V_{UT}}{R3} = \dfrac{V_{UT}}{R2} \\ \\ \dfrac{12V - V_{LT}}{R1} + \dfrac{V_{SAT-} - V_{LT}}{R3} = \dfrac{V_{LT}}{R2} \end{cases} \$

Filling in our parameters:

\$ \begin{cases} \dfrac{12V - 7V}{R1} + \dfrac{12V - 7V}{30k\Omega} = \dfrac{7V}{R2} \\ \\ \dfrac{12V - 6V}{R1} + \dfrac{0V - 6V}{30k\Omega} = \dfrac{6V}{R2} \end{cases} \$

That's

\$ \begin{cases} \dfrac{5V}{R1} + \dfrac{5V}{30k\Omega} = \dfrac{7V}{R2} \\ \\ \dfrac{6V}{R1} - \dfrac{6V}{30k\Omega} = \dfrac{6V}{R2} \end{cases} \$

From which we find

\$ \begin{cases} R1 = 5k\Omega \\ R2 = 6k\Omega \end{cases} \$

Take a look at the chart on page 260 of the datasheet. ADCON1 is the register I believe you want to take a look at.