I think maybe you misunderstand how a fuse behaves.
A fuse doesn't instantly open when current meets the Ampere Rating
. There is a minimum Opening Time
at 100% of Ampere Rating, and there will also be maximum Opening Time at higher currents such as 200% or 1000% of Ampere Rating.
For example, a Littelfuse 0251005.NRT1L (data sheet http://www.littelfuse.com/~/media/electronics/datasheets/fuses/littelfuse_fuse_251_253_datasheet.pdf.pdf ) lists the following:
- 100% of Ampere Rating: Opening Time 4 Hours Min
- 275% of Ampere Rating: Opening Time 300 ms Max
- 400% of Ampere Rating: Opening Time 30 ms Max
- 1000% of Ampere Rating: Opening Time 4 ms Max
So this 5A fuse with 5A of current flowing through it, is guaranteed NOT to open for at least 4 hours. But when the current exceeds 13.75A, this fuse is guaranteed to open within 300 ms. If the current reaches 50A then the fuse opens very quickly. But if the current is only 10A, the fuse won't open instantly.
If you use a 2A Ampere Rating fuse instead, then the 275% of Ampere Rating poing is 5.5A, which is closer to what you want in your example. But if your application typically draws more than 2 amps, then the 2A rated fuse will blow sometimes. Especially if the equipment is left on for a long period of time.
Fuses just don't have a very tightly controlled "open fail" current. They are one-time-use devices; once a fuse is tested to the point of opening, that fuse is permanently destroyed -- so statistical process control is the only practical way to ensure that the fuses are likely to work.
You could perform the same kind of testing. If you're building a batch of 500 devices, purchase a reel of 5000 fuses. (Again I'm assuming picofuse, which look similar to axial leaded 1/4 watt resistors. Glass tube fuses don't come in tape and reel.) When you get that big batch of fuses, you randomly pull out some samples, maybe 100 fuses. Test at two different conditions:
- must sustain current below 100% Ampere Rating for xx time
- must always open within xx time at test current 275% Ampere Rating (this is the destructive part of the test)
The more fuses you test, the more closely the tested sample will resemble the untested fuses, and the more confident you will be that the fuses work as advertised. But the more time and money you will be spending, to fill the trash can with used fuses.
Further downside is that if you conclude from your testing that this particular reel of fuses is not up to your standards, the distributor might not accept returns of a partial reel. So you'd be out $1400.
Power is current times voltage (P = IE). You don't mention if you're converting from one voltage to another. Are you using a step-down converter? Are you merely charging the battery with the solar system and want to know how to achieve equivalent power from a charged battery bank?
230V AC 13A is 2990 watts. 2990 watts at 12V DC would be ~249 amperes. This means your battery(ies) (and all the connectors and cabling) would have to be capable of safely delivering 250A in order to have roughly equivalent power to your UK mains example.
Because you said "13A at 12V can barely reach 150W" it seems like you're already aware of the relationship between voltage, current, and power. It also sounds like you're looking for a better socket to use for your system, and chose the UK mains style because it won't likely be confused with the real thing.
So here's what you are maybe missing, related to my question from 8 years ago about fuses. Voltage is what "motivates" electrons to go through a particular thing, whether it's a fuse, a wire, or a connector. The current is "how many" of them. The larger the current, the greater the friction, and thus heat. A connector or wire rated for 13A is not going to handle more power unless the voltage is also higher. In the case of a connector, the voltage rating will be mostly applicable to the distance between conductors (to avoid arcing) while the current rating will be applicable to the robustness of the conductors.
Put another way, 13A can have wildly different power values based on voltage, but it's always going to be the same quantity of electric current flowing. If the voltage is 12V, you're right, it isn't a lot of power, but it still requires thick wire and connectors to safely handle that current without having an unsafe temperature rise.
You will likely want to use something capable of much higher current. Automotive applications that use 12V systems often have fuses and wire rated for 50 or more amps. But be absolutely sure to look at the specifications for your battery (or battery bank). There's no point in installing 60A-capable wiring and connectors if your source can only supply 40A. Also be sure to install fuses to limit current to less than the weakest link in the system.
Best Answer
You have to look for information about RAMS (reliability, availability, maintainability and safety) engineering.
Basic RAMS concepts and techniques
Derating: the % of the maximum power/voltage/current rating at which the component/assembly/product operates. The higher the derating, the lower the stress and the longer the MMTF.
Bath tub curve: a curve describing how failure rate changes along the useful life of the component/assembly/product. See image below.
Image source.
Where do I begin?
If your PCA was inconclusive, then you'll need to carry out a PSA with the actual stresses and environmental conditions (temperature, moisture) of your assembly/product:
If you've done everything in your hand to reduce the total failure rate but you still can't get a MTTF compatible with your requirement, then you might want to add redundancy to your design, but specifically targeted at subassemblies of your product with high partial failure rates. Redundancy must be introduced only when MTTF calculations demand it, and never in a preemptive manner. Why? Because redundancy needs adding switching elements that can fail themselves and introduce unneeded complexity as well.
Even if your PCA/PSA says everything will be OK, keep in mind that that will be true for random failures only! The PCA/PSA doesn't deal with the early failure rates of defective components/assemblies/products. Therefore, a burn-in of your product is highly recommended before deployment in the field.
Notes below:
There are also specialised reliability prediction software packages that will make all these calculations easier for you. Only you can decide whether you application and business case calls for such an investment.
Here's a free reliability prediction software I've found (disclosure: I've never used it).
I've looked for reliability data (MTBF) for Raspberry Pi without any success...