Electronic – IGBT destroyed. Help me identify any potential problems

For a 48 V design with a BLDC motor, you want to use MOSFETs. The reason is that low voltage (< 200 V) MOSFETs are available with an extremely low on-resistance: R_DS, on < 10 \$m\Omega\$ for V_DS = 100 V is something you can get from at least three different manufacturers in a 5 x 6 mm² SuperSO8 package. And you get the added benefit of the MOSFETs' ability to switch really fast.

IGBTs become the parts of choice when you want to switch high currents at high voltages. Their advantage is a fairly constant voltage drop (V_CE, sat) vs. a MOSFET's on-resistance (R_DS, on). Let's plug the respective devices' characteristic properties responsible for the static power losses into two equations to get a better look (static means we're talking about devices that are turned on all the time, we will consider switching losses later).

P_loss, IGBT = I * V_CE, sat

P_{loss, MOSFET} = I² * R_DS, on

You can see that, with rising current, the losses in an IGBT rise in a linear way and those in a MOSFET rise with a power of two. At high voltages (>= 500 V) and for high currents (maybe > 4...6 A), the commonly available parameters for V_CE, sat or R_DS, on tell you that an IGBT will have lower static power losses compared to a MOSFET.

Then, you need to consider the switching speeds: During a switching event, i.e. during the transition from a device's off-state to its on-state and vice versa, there is a brief time where you have a fairly high voltage across the device (V_CE or V_DS) and there is current flowing through the device. Since power is voltage times current, this is not a good thing and you want this time to be as short as possible. By their nature, MOSFETs switch much faster compared to IGBTs and will have lower average switching losses. When calculating the average power dissipation caused by switching losses, it is important to look at your particular application's switching frequency - that is: how often you put your devices through the time-span where they will neither be fully on (V_CE or V_DS almost zero) or off (current almost zero).

All in all, typical numbers are that...

IGBTs will be better at

• switching frequencies below some 10 kHz
• voltages above 500...800 V
• average currents above 5...10 A

These are merely some rules of thumb and it's definitely a good idea to use the above equations with some actual devices' real parameters to get a better feeling.

A note: Frequency converters for motors often have switching frequencies between 4...32 kHz while switching power supplies are designed with swithing frequencies > 100 kHz. Higher frequencies have many advantages in switching power supplies (smaller magnetics, smaller ripple currents) and the main reason why they're possible today is the availability of much improved power MOSFETs at > 500 V. The reason why motor drivers still use 4...8 kHz is because these circuits typically have to handle higher currents and you design the entire thing around rather slow-switching IGBTs.

And before I forget: Above approximately 1000 V, MOSFETs are simply not available (almost, or... at no reasonable cost; [edit:] SiC may become a somewhat reasonable option as of mid-2013). Therefore, in circuits that require the 1200 V class of devices, you just have to stick with IGBTs, mostly.

Addressing your questions in order:

1. The IGBT will not be impacted in any way. IGBTs do not conduct current in reverse; this is why they must be coupled with a separate diode [1]. Even with the IGBT on, its free-wheeling (also called 'anti-parallel') diode will conduct the current. MOSFETs, on the other hand, can conduct in both directions. In the MOSFET, the current can reverse-conduct through either its channel or its body diode, depending on the current, channel resistance and body diode drop. The body diode is inherently built into the MOSFET.

2. It will indeed be turned on, but no current would flow since the collector would be floating. An IGBT, like a MOSFET, turns on gradually. It begins to turn on when the gate voltage exceeds a threshold, relative to the emitter.

3. Yes to both. The ratings you mention (10A, 600V) are the maximum ratings. You can use the IGBT with 25V bus and 500mA, no problem.

[1] See an example of a TO-247 device which is effectively an IGBT and diode co-packaged: http://www.power-eetimes.com/imf/c/eyJtYXNrIjoiNDMyeDI4OCJ9/images/01-edit-photo-uploads/2014/2014-06-june/onsar2662_fig-1.jpg.