Electronic – Interfacing with a truck’s internal CAN bus system

This is a very good question. As a general rule, CAN requires a transceiver for every node:

However, under certain circumstances, you can actually get away without any transceivers! Those circumstances are:

• Short bus length (much less than 1 meter)
• Preferably all microcontrollers are on the same PCB, or stack of PCBs.
• The bit rate is low
• The environment isn't too electrically noisy

These aren't hard rules. You might get away with maximum bit rate (1MB/s) if you have a really short bus (10cm).

To achieve this, you need to know a little about what the transceiver does. Like most transceivers, they can output a high or a low to the bus (representing 1 and 0), but the 0 can dominate a 1. I.E. If two transceivers try to speak at the same time, and one is saying 1 and the other is saying 0, then the 0 will win. We can re-create the same situation simply using diodes:

See the Seimens application note AP2921: On-Board Communication via CAN without Transceiver

But here's something even more interesting: The PIC actually has hardware support for transceiverless CAN!

You can configure the CAN TX pin so that is behaves in exactly the same way as the transceiver. This means you can wire up the CAN bus without the diodes. You'll still need the resistor though.

The other side can't tell you how many time quanta to use for various parts of the bit. It can only tell you the bit rate you must adhere to.

Pick a set of time quanta close to what they use but that still comes out to the specified bit rate, and all will be fine. Consider their time quanta "spec" as merely them telling you how their implementation works, not what you have to do.