For a sine wave,
-
Amplitude is the fluctuation or displacement of the wave from its
mean value. -
Peak-to-peak (pk-pk) is the difference between the maximum positive
and the maximum negative amplitudes of the wave.
Then why oscilloscopes display almost the same measurement values for both Amplitude and Peak to peak of a sine wave?
Here is my test screenshot on Agilent InfiniiVision MSO-X 3014A oscilloscope:
Here is the oscilloscope manufacturer's definitions for the measurements "Peak to Peak" and "Amplitude" in their user manual:
Peak-PeakThe peak- to- peak value is the difference between Maximum and
Minimum values. The Y cursors show the values being measured.Maximum
Maximum is the highest value in the waveform display. The Y cursor
shows the value being measured.Minimum
Minimum is the lowest value in the waveform display. The Y cursor
shows the value being measured.Amplitude
The Amplitude of a waveform is the difference between its Top and
Base values. The Y cursors show the values being measured.Top
The Top of a waveform is the mode (most common value) of the upper
part of the waveform, or if the mode is not well defined, the top is
the same as Maximum. The Y cursor shows the value being measured.Base
The Base of a waveform is the mode (most common value) of the lower
part of the waveform, or if the mode is not well defined, the base is
the same as Minimum. The Y cursor shows the value being measured.(Content from the user manual © Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2005-2013)
I know oscilloscopes are not all about symmetric signals. But I can't understand the following.
What are the two separate different quantities that the manufacturer intended to measure from these two measurements?
What are the applications of measuring those two quantities? Please explain.
Best Answer
I think that the historical definition of amplitude comes from nature. When Earth was young, most things that were wavey tended to oscillate sinusoidally about a middle point. Think sea waves or a tree swaying in the wind.
When man emerged he invented violins and tuning forks and they too oscillated symmetrically about a mean point. They called it a sine wave. So the scale of the oscillation became to be known as the distance from the mean point to the extreme, ie. amplitude. This is what's taught in schools. (They also teach kids that the 741 is a good example of an op amp, but that's a story for another time).
But then electrical engineers evolved and everything got complicated. They built amplifiers to make the violins sound louder and they used oscilloscopes to look at the wave forms. This is what you're taking about with a perfect sine wave.
Sometimes bad engineers built bad amplifiers that distorted the output, so a perfectly symmetrical sine wave might end up looking like:-
It's no longer symmetrical, and by that definition there are two distances from the mean to the extreme points of the wave. You can no longer use a single amplitude value as which one would be appropriate? So to measure this bad sine with a single value, you can only use the peak to peak distance.
Then the engineers got even cleverer and developed wave forms like:-
which is quite asymmetric abut 0V, and again unable to be described with a distance from 0V as there are two distances. Or like:-
Here you'll notice there is a DC offset. The entire wave form is above 0V. Even the mean point or an RMS point is difficult to determine. This one's more complicated, as a modern oscilloscope will automatically subtract the DC offset (even if DC coupled) in the amplitude measurement. So the amplitude will be the peak to peak of the top of the wave to the underside, but excluding 0V.
Those pesky electrical engineers further complicated things with wave forms like:-
This shows ringing at the transitions of a square wave. A good oscilloscope will be able to identify the additional wave form riding atop the square one. So now you'll have an amplitude reading that is from the top to the bottom of the square wave, and a peak to peak reading that includes the extremes of the ringing. I'm not entirely certain (and expect others to weigh in here) as to how the oscilloscope identifies ringing from the predominant wave form. It's probably some form of percentage like the 5% rise time thing.
Confused? Me too and you'll find that some of these measurements are used interchangeably. The same mess occurs with the 10x and 20x thing in decibel calculations that can be very confusing. Some of it ultimately comes down to experience and being one of the few good engineers. Be an painter, it's simpler.
PS. I have no experience of such, but it would be interesting if someone added what happens in the case of an old analogue & semi digital 'scope like a TAS 465.