The responsively number given in the table is specific to your device and is exactly what you need (but only partly - see below). There is no "single" parameter for all sensors as it changes from manufacturer to manufacturer. This is primarily determined by QE (Quantum Efficiency) both internal and external QE that is all bundled up in the one number of responsivity.
What you need is a mapping from Lux to Watts, and then the responsivity maps from watts to current.
All detectors will need a passivation layer on top of them to protect the underlying detector material (Here it's Si) so you'll have layers of SiO2 and other material on top. This is important as the External -QE is concerned with getting the light into the Si. This is explained using fresnel equations, but is best understood by the need to match the index of refraction in air (~ 1.0) to that of Si (~ 3.8), the use of AR (Anti-reflection) coatings, and the interaction of light with the passivation layers greatly affects the external QE of the sensor. Once the light gets into the sensor, internal QE is now the concerning factor. As the light penetrates the Si, it leaves a trail of E/H pairs (electron/hole) which are then swept up in E-fileds in the Si substrate. While the E/H generation is understood the E-fields are what determine which electrons/holes get collected. If you generate a E/H pair but it doesn't get collected then you lose internal QE. The electric fields are in turn created through the distribution of dopants and the applied voltages to the device.
In short, even though the Si absorption characteristics are well understood, individual diodes can vary wildly with design. The good news is that this can determined with the appropriate experimental setup. For example the QE of image sensors (say in the green) can vary between manufacturers from as low as 20% up to 98%. In teh NIR (say around 850 nm) these values diverge even more from 1% to 40%.
Radiometry is the measurement of light in quantitative units, Lux is the same curves with the human photopic response laid over top. Consider that mapping as a dimensionless attenuation factor that is dependant upon wavelength.
Ideally what you have is the illumination vs wavelength spectra, the photopic curve again vs. wavelength (which is easily found on-line) and the sensor response vs. wavelength and from those you'd calculate the amount of current flowing.
You have two deficiencies though. One is that you have not identified your illumination spectra and two, the sensor is only defined at 3 points.
A short hand way of calculating is to use the simple estimate (and it will be only an estimate) of 1 lux =\$\frac{1}{683} \frac{watts}{m^2}\$ @ 556 nm (green). Basically this is saying that if you have a green laser at \$ 1 \frac{w}{m^2} \$ then it will appear as 683 Lumens to the human eye.
You will need to understand the difference between luminance and illuminance. So this means you will need to also say what the imaging/collections system is and in particular it's F/#.
Knowing the relationship between wavelength and energy for light \$ E = \frac{hc}{\lambda}\$ where h = planck's constant, C = speed of light. Will allow you to determine the photon flux. And from that you can come up with the shot noise of the system.
Once you can provide the illuminant wavelength dependance, the collection optics f/# and various other parts I'll come back and fill in the details. Or if you want to use the pointers here to answer the question I can check out the answer for you.
Best Answer
The concern when your dark current approaches your photocurrent is SNR. The three big noise components you are likely to encounter are dark current shot noise, photocurrent shot noise, and noise from your readout circuit. The first two can be easily calculated as:
\$S=2qI\$
Where \$S\$ is the input referred noise power spectral density in A2/Hz. The third is something you may have to measure, unless you have good noise models in your simulator. Sum all of these components, multiply by your bandwidth, and take the square root to get a measure of your expected noise in A.
If you wanted to measure photocurrents below the dark current, you can do so using a capacitive TIA, which is just a regular TIA with a capacitor in feedback, also known as an op-amp integrator. Adjusting the integration time allows you to increase the signal strength proportional to integration time, but the noise only increases as the square root of integration time. Increase integration time to obtain whatever SNR you need. Be sure to size your integration capacitor to account for the dark current. You will additionally need to calibrate your particular detector as dark current varies between detectors.