Electronic – Raw access to CMOS image sensor

If the pattern of the column is the same whenever they appear, the problem is called fixed-pattern noise. This is just something you need to deal with, especially when dealing with a raw sensor. The sensor vendor should be able to help with characterizing it.

To deal with it, you can either go through a manual calibration procedure that allows you to derive offset and gain correction factors for each column, which you then store in nonvolatile memory, or you can develop an adaptive algorithm that can recognize and compensate for FPN in live images on the fly.

To characterize the FPN, you'll need to take a series of flat-field images (same amount of light on each pixel) at various light levels (including completely dark) and various exposure times. For each combination of light level and exposure, take the average value of the pixels in each column, and average these values over many frames (to eliminate thermal noise).

From this set of data for each sensor column, you will be able to determine what gain and offset values to apply to that column to eliminate the fixed pattern. You will also be able to determine whether the correction values need to be different for different exposure times, or a common set of values will work well enough for all exposure settings.

You'll also want to do this across a number of individual sensors, to make sure that the statistical variations among sensors don't invalidate the solution you come up with.

Essentially yes, you do have a very broad understanding. But a couple of notes: Nyquist needs a little more than 2X, so call it 2X + or perhaps 2.1X or 2.2X. However, you still will see large moire fringes (aliased patterns between the pitch of the object to the pitch in the image plane).

How do you get the right lens? Well, magnification will be dependant upon Object distance, Image distance and the focal length of the lens.

You say that you "... have an image with 10 μm wide black and white stripes ..." which I assume means that you already have a lens in front of your imager, so what is needed in this case is that the magnification has to increase by 2X. It is likely that you are dealing with a optical system that has de-magnification (objects are likely to be larger than 10 um - magnification is less than 1). But the 2X (or 2.2X) can be applied. In general this means that you will change the focal length of your lense.