When the earth is dry. sometimes, earthing works badly.
A pathological case for earthing is things on top of mountains.
The mountaintops tend to be pretty dry. People like installing observatories atop mountains. In a past life I worked with observatories.
The earthing rods are laid out in a ring around the observatory with a buried cable linking them. The rods have tops high in the air; point is to get some lightning protection, and an earth that works at all. (Lightning likes high, metallic things like observatories.)
The air is very dry on top of mountains. ESD is normally prevented by earthing.
Standard protocol was for staff to urinate on the earth spikes instead of using the porta-potty (whenever possible without upsetting tourists).
To make it harder, many sites share the mountaintop with radio transmitters. All that radiated RF is hard to screen when there is no functional earth to connect to.
(Radio guys, you have the same problems but you caused mine dammit!)
A co-worker had similar problems earthing in a past life with sand dunes and earthing. Getting the septic tanks to drain on to the dunes can help.
The following is based on
Personal experience and extensive reading of the relevant literature after my wife burned her eyes with a UV germicidal lamp after following my instructions.
Test advice from Nichia re blue light hazard from visible white LEDs
You'd want a proper datasheet and the following is definitely on an "all care no responsibility" & this is my semi-informed opinion only basis, but:
EXPECTATIONS
(1) You'd want to exercise due care when using it on the bench - staring directly at the LED from close range would almost certainly produce a slow but noticeable amount of damage BUT this would probably take hours of exposure to manifest and I'd say almost certainly not less than minutes AND it would manifest as itchy or somewhat sore eyes and would self heal in about a week with no permanent damage.
(2) My real expectation is that you could play around with one of these as much as you wished while setting it up including looking into it across a model from the far side occasionally - and have no noticeable effect whatsoever.
(3) Even worst case you could probably not cause any sort of significant long term damage with anything you would sensibly do with it.
(4) If illuminating a largish area compared to the LED (eg a model) and having it fluoresce and reradiate visibly I'd expect the amount of UV to be at a very safe level.
Reasons to follow
Brief update - more to follow:
REASONS
I understand Kortuk's concern.
I believe that my advice as given is OK (read carefully please) BUT erring on the safe side is always wise.
(1) Background: UV and "arc-eye" & "snow blindness":
People exposed to bright high altitude sunlight for many hours risk being burned by the UV component of the sunlight. A skier at say 6000 feet above sea level who skis all day on a bright day without using eye protection has a good chance of experiencing a degree of "snow blindness". The eyes become itchy and somewhat inflamed. The UV has caused burning if the eye interior - mainly towards the surface. Even people who are exposed so badly that they are literally "blinded" and lose the practical use of their eyes due to soreness and inflammation, will essentially always recover without any permanent effects. Recovery is usually in under a week in typical cases. I've personally experienced minor "snow blindness" on a few past occasions either while skiing or in other higher altitude situations. Wearing eye protection makes much sense.
An identical effect occurs from looking at the arc when arc welding. Large quantities of emitted UV cause "arc-eye" - same result, different name.
Germicidal lamps which emit short wavelength UV
In my workshop I have a ~= 20 Watt UV germicidal lamp - in the form of a "fluorescent tube" BUT with no phosphor so no fluorescence just hard short wavelength UV. This kills germs with abandon and will happily burn the insides of your eyes if you look directly at it for reasonably short periods. eg 1 minute would be far far far too long.
Long long ago I used this lamp for bulk erasing windowed eproms (some of us are that old :-) ) and more recently it has been used for etch resist exposure or materials testing.
I have used this light reasonably extensively over many years with no obvious harmful effects. As harmful effects are quite easy to acquire (see below) I assume that this means that taking quite basic precautions goes a long way towards reducing the hazard level.
Diagram: Germicidal versus wavelength of interest. Almost
A few years ago I set up some plastic samples under this lamp, placed a cover over the lamp and samples and left it running. Test time was expected to be many weeks. Some time during the "run" I went to China on business. The UV test results were relevant to what I was doing in China and I asked my wife to report on results to date. I provided detailed & careful written instructions on how to uncover the lamp, how to inspect the samples, how to recover the lamp and, very importantly, how to avoid looking at the light in the process, complete with very clear instructions re the hazards. My wife is a competent and careful science professional (in another field) so I anticipated no problems.
Prescript for the queasy: End result excellent AND they swear that while the UV obviously caused the "arc eye" / "snow blindness", the deeper eye damage was unrelated and the UV damage caused it to be found.
Within a day of checking my test samples my wife's eyes became itchy and sore. After a few days she went to the Doctor who confirmed the obvious. She ended up needing both eyes bandaged due to the severity of soreness and burning. Due to the apparent severity she visited the local hospital eye clinic. The routinely interested examiner suddenly leaped up and ran from the room to get a second opinion. In one eye only she had partial retinal pulling causing a subsurface void near the optic nerve.which would have lead to retinal tearing and separation if left unrepaired. This was subsequently repaired by an epi-retinal peel by a suitably skilled man using very very very small sharp things and lots of experience. (Cut hole in eye ...). It subsequently developed a cataract which was removed with a YAG LASER - shine VERY bright focused light into eye ...).
As one does, I did lots of related reading. The professionals are without exception adamant that the retinal problem was unrelated to the UV. They say macular degeneration of this sort happens with age and that the UV event was a fortunate means of showing them that this was happening. My reading showed that in the very very very large percentage of cases (probably 99.99%+) experience is as they report. UV exposure, even very severe and with short wavelength, does NOT lead to premanent damage or to retinal damage of any sort. However, it was also apparent that in extremely extreme cases (eg welding without a mask long term) then retinal damage almost certainly can occur. This is so rare as to be hotly contested by all experts. I'm also aware that if lensing did cause the arc-eye effect (see below) then the focusing MAY have resulted in a focused retinal spot - but the experts all say NO.
WHY DID IT HAPPEN: Uncertain. She is certain that she followed my instructions correctly and there is every reason to think that she did. But, my wife wears glasses for close vision (or did before her eye sight was corrected as a result of the above processes). I theorise that the very short wavelength UV was refracted substantially differently by the lenses and as she looked across and not at the light, the UV was bent into her eye.
(2) Nichia carried out tests on some lowish power (150 mW in max) white "phosphor" LEDs. In the blue region the output was high enough to make them of potential regulatory interest. I'd guesstimate that you could stare at one of these all day long from 100mm and only get bored.
BUT given this result, an LED designed to operate at about 400 nM at about 60 mW input can be expected to output substantially more "somewhat blue" light than my sample and so would technically at least be of potential interest.
BUT the above example with short wavelength UV and the expert opinion re the lack of permanent effect at even high doses suggests that you are unlikely to have any problems if very basic and simple precautions are taken.
Best Answer
After some more research, I have made some progress towards an answer. Here it is the key info of what we have, in case it can help others.
The surface of the Aluminium enclosure, or any other uncoated Aluminium part, is oxidised by atmospheric air, always ending up with a thin (a few nanometers) layer of Aluminium Oxide. This layer is an electrical insulator, but since it is extremely thin, it will be scratched off easily when trying to measure its resistance with a probe or when applying several volts.
Yet, it can be a problem for long-term good earthing.
This problem is obviously very important in aviation, where Aluminium is often used and electrical earthing is improtant.
The suppliers of earthing studs (for aviation and other industries) have come up with a solution. Aluminium studs are coated with a passivation layer (e.g. Titanium) that protects against oxidation but is highly conductive. This is the key bit of info.
Aluminium earthing studs (with a Titanium coating) are welded to Aluminium enclosures. Then nuts/washers/and hook-ended wires can be tightened to the stud making the connection to earth.
BTW, we have also learnt that only Aluminium welds to Aluminium. This is why I am mentioning only Ti-coated Aluminium studs when discussing ways to connect to earth an Aluminium enclosure.
PS: There is of course another possibility, to simply use a through hole, nut and bolt (and washer). No welding. But in this case the oxidation of the Aluminium enclosure (in particular the area below the nut) could lead to high resistance. It seems that welding would be the best solution.