Electronic – Short circuit = no power

• The Varistors RV1 RV2 RV3 provide spike energy suppression on the 3 phase input

• R141 R73 R65 provide a degree of input energy absorption under surge conditions and act as informal fuses if circuitry beyond them such as varistors or other components fail.

• R140 R146 R147 and diodes D12 D13 D14 supply rectified 3 phase DC combining the 3 phases to produce smoothed DC to power U6, a small switch mode offline power supply IC. They do not play a direct part in the main power analysis circuitry.

Warning - lines that cross on diagram may or may not join: Note that the circuit is badly drawn inj the original applicationm note and suffers further when copies. The crossing lines from R141, R140 and RV1 join - this is shown by a small dot. Else where in the diagram crossing lines do not join and there is no dot. When the circuit is copied, as it has been ijn this question, the dots become even harder to see. This is extremely bad practice, but is more common than it should be. A foolproof system is to have it that lines which cross over each other never join and lines which do join end at a T. This makes them duplication and folded document proof. SEE DIAGRAM AT END

The Varistors RV1 RV2 Rv3 clamp phase voltage spikes by conducting energy to neutral when the voltage exceeds their rated voltage.

R65 R73 R141 are Yageo 100 ohm 2 Watt resistors datasheet here which limit the surge current drawn by6 the varistors under extreme fault conditions. Under extreme overload or varistor failure they would act as informal fuses. They can carry about 140 mA at rated wattage and would be required to carry far far less than that under any sensible operating conditions. They can be considered part of a belts-and-braces protection scheme. The 100 ohm value of the series resistors appears to be relatively arbitrary. It is likely that the circuit would work well enough without them present and they seem more the sign of a designer attempting to cover every eventuality.

R147 R146 R140 are surprisingly small Vishay Dale 0805 resistors datasheet here

These 3 resistors plus D12 D13 D14 are used to operate a low power offline DC to DC switch mode power supply = U6 = a Linksys LNK304. The three diodes rectify the 3 phase voltages and combine them, feel them via JP6 and R148 and then smooth the combined rectified 3 phases to DC using C35.

D17 is not a zener regulator as it may appear to be - it is a TVS surge suppressor datasheet here.

http://www.datasheetarchive.com/LNK304DG-datasheet.html#

Varistor:

The datasheet for the varistors can be found here

By following a fairly convoluted path via Mouser etc you can find that the Varistor part used is shown in that data sheet as VDRS10P510xyE on page 19.
VAC operating is 510 AC = comfortably above 3 phase line to neutral voltage voltage that it is usually exposed to.

Copy of original diagram from question showing joined and unjoined cross overs.

If you have a multimeter you can calculate dc power based on voltage measurment and current measurement but i think you are more interested in battery life? If so, connect the battery and measure the current taken. Then compare this to the ampere-hour figure of your battery - if you have a 1Ah battery this can provide 1A for 1 hour or 100mA for ten hours or 10mA for 100hours. But battery suppliers usually assume the Ah rating is for all the usable energy in the battery. It's probably more likely you'll be able to use about half of this but... and here's the small print....

How close is the battery terminal voltage to what your arduino needs? If you are directly powering it, the output voltage may not have to droop much before the arduino gives up. You maybe be feeding it via a linear voltage regulator and this will give you a bit more headroom. If you are using a switching PSU this will give you more. I can't say - only you can.