Blind and buried vias add a lot to the cost of a multi-layer board, and are only used on high-density, high-performance systems. The increase in cost is because the layers have to be drilled separately, assembled, and then the holes are plated. Blind vias are sometimes back-drilled (the unwanted plating is removed with a slightly larger drill from the back) which reduces the cost, as the layers are stacked before drilling.
In mixed signal PCB the analog and digital ground has to be separated
like the following image:
That diagram looks like Figure 3 of the
"partitioning and layout of a mixed signal pcb" article by Henry W. Ott in "printed circuit design" magazine (June 2001).
On the same page as that diagram, Ott says "Why do we need to split the ground plane ... ? The answer is we don't! Therefore, I prefer the approach of using only one ground plane and partitioning the PCB into digital and analog sections."
Later in the article Ott says "in almost all cases, both the functional performance and the EMC performance of the board will be better with the single ground plane [than with] split ground planes".
Use one solid unsplit ground plane under both the analog and the digital parts of the board.
Which layer and how should I route the analog sources(1V8,3V3) and
grounds for the MCU ADC?
While many BGA parts only require 4 layers, it appears at first glance that this particular BGA package requires a minimum of 6 layers.
One common layer stackup for 6 layer boards is
1 signal
2 signal
3 power
4 ground
5 signal
6 signal
As shown the the documentation you already linked to:
The ground plane is one solid unsplit ground plane -- with holes around vias just passing through, sold connections to GND vias, and thermal relief around GND through-holes.
The power plane is chopped up into the various power supplies required for different regions of the board, with similar holes.
(Sometimes it's better to route less-common power voltages on the signal layers of the board, rather than cut it out of the power plane).
on the ... bottom ... layer. Can I place there the crystal oscillator as well?
The vast majority of systems I've seen have all the components of a Pierce oscillator (the inverter, the crystal, two capacitors, and sometimes a series resistor) all on the same side of a PCB.
However, I have seen a system where the crystal was on the opposite side (Hamish Kellock OH2GAQ)
and a paper that seems to recommend putting the two capacitors on the opposite side
(Texas Instruments "PCB Design Guidelines For Reduced EMI").
So I'm pretty sure the oscillator will oscillate with the crystal on the opposite side from the inverter.
As always, the EMI emitted (and the susceptibility of the oscillator to outside noise) is proportional to the loop area.
Most of the time, it gets bigger (worse) if you put the crystal on the opposite side.
(I don't know if your particular BGA package is one of the exceptions).
Best Answer
For basic low frequency work vias are pretty much "meh". The only thing you need to watch for is when running larger currents - the vias tend to have a higher resistance, so dissipate more heat.
However, the interesting things start happening at higher frequencies.
Vias start to become antennae. They can radiate EMI like nobody's business. So for high frequency signals, keep the vias to a minimum.
And by "high frequency signals" I don't just mean if you're intentionally working on RF systems. Digital systems have some very high frequency components too. For instance, a 10MHz SPI bus - the clock is running at 10MHz, with harmonics at 30MHz, 50MHz, 70MHz etc (depending on slew rate of course).
Also you have the question of impedance to look at. A via has a different impedance than a normal trace, so if your circuit is impedance sensitive (if you are doing impedance matched traces, PCB antennae, etc) then you have to take the vias into account in your calculations.
So for general power distribution, vias should be noted and thought about. For high frequencies, vias are anything from frowned upon to down right no-nos.
Everything in between is pretty much irrelevant.