Electronic – term for when a component desolders itself from the circuit

This is called an image sensor.

This particular image sensor in your picture is a CMOS image sensor, commonly found in pretty much anywhere a small to medium sized camera is used, as well in some big and/or professional gear. The camera in your phone is almost certainly a CMOS image sensor. It is probably also the type of sensor captured the image you posted here.

The other major type of image sensors besides CMOS is CCD, which is an older (but in no way inferior) technology and commonly found in older gear as well as more professional digital photography gear now.

In the construction of a digital camera, the image sensor is placed where photographic film used to be placed in traditional film cameras. Some modern DSLR even accepts lens assemblies from those film cameras (like the one I occasionally used which took over the set of lenses from my older film SLR.)

Either term gets used and understood in either case. But I feel there is a subtle distinction, that gives away how much the person using it understands about the circuit.

I think SMPS's tend to use freewheel diodes, where the energy storage in the inductor is an intentional part of their operation. The diode lets the inductor, or at least the circuit current, keep spinning. Catch doesn't seem enough to describe it.

Transistors that switch relays tend to use catch diodes, where the inductor energy storage is a nuisance. Nearly got zapped there, phew, good catch! Freewheel diode gets used here as well, though it seems to be a bit over the top, like a sledgehammer to crack a nut.