Electronic – What do \$V_{TN}\$ and \$V_{T}\$ stand for in a MOSFET

Consider the equivalent BJT circuit, which may be more familiar:

^{simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab}

This holds provided the input voltage is >0.65V, with of course some variation based on temperature, output current, manufacturing variation, etc. However, as a first approximation this circuit outputs a constant 0.65V.

The MOSFET circuit is no different, but instead of the 0.65V from a forward-biased silicon PN junction, we get the threshold voltage of the MOSFET. This parameter varies between models of MOSFETs, but is usually some volts. If the output voltage, which is also the gate voltage, is above the threshold voltage, the MOSFET turns on more, shunting more current to ground, increasing the current through the resistor, lowering the ouput/gate voltage such that an equilibrium is reached:

$$ V_{GS} = V_{out} \approx V_{GS(th)} $$

This sort of circuit would be useful as a reference voltage, for example, to implement a voltage regulator, because the output voltage is relatively unaffected by the input voltage. A single transistor such as this isn't necessarily a good voltage regulator on its own, but it could be the basis for something better. A good regulator starts with a reference such as this which might vary based on other parameters (output current, supply voltage, temperature), then isolating or compensating for those parameters from the reference.

inverting amplifier

To understand what is happening it is better not to apply a static voltage to \$V_{\text{in}}\$ but instead a Sinus

Think about what is happening while the Voltage is rising from 0V to peak (The n-Mosfet is "opening" as the voltage is rising and so your \$V_{\text{out}}\$ is getting more "Negative)

And than again what is happening while the Voltage is falling (Now the p-Mosfet is doing the same thing as previously the n-Mosfet and the n-Mosfet is now "blocking" the negative Voltage)