All MCU's have digital pins, which you can configure to function as input or output.
When you set something to 'output' which is wired as an 'input', will there be any possibilities of short-circuits damaging the MCU?
Electronic – What happens when you set a pin in the wrong direction
microcontrollerpinsportshort-circuit
Related Solutions
As shown here, there are two things that can be done.
The Strong Pullup through the Mosfet, should have a appropriately sized Current Limiting Resistor, allowing the tens of milliamps required. If those tens of milliamps are more than your ic's pin can sink, then a secondary in-line resistor (Rt) can be used on the line, for protection.
Best source of information regarding one-wire is of course, Maxim-Dallas's app notes.
the fire (yellow glow light with smoke) started in the vicinity of the MCU's internal regulators pins, which are just on the side of the oscillator pins.
This is why labratory power supplies have a current limiter...
You have a very strong short, most likely a VCC pin connected to GND or a GND pin connected to VCC. Shorting a GPIO usually does not (much) damage because of R_DSon in the GPIOs driver. Triple-check your schematic an layout for errors with power pins.
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Best Answer
Yes, if you configure a controller's pin as output when it has a low impedance circuit attached you may damage the controller.
For example if the circuit attached is a opamp (or a switch to either supply rail,) it is possible the current in both opamp output and controller pin exceed its maximum ratings and that may damage the output driver. Check the related datasheets for maximum ratings.
Usually a small series resistor is perfectly acceptable. For example an ATtiny can source/sink 40mA at 5V. \$R = \frac{U}{I} = \frac{5\text{V}}{40\text{mA}} = 125\Omega\$. Round that value up to the nearest E12 value and you get \$150\Omega\$ as a series resistor. Most circuits will work perfectly well with that and at the same time it protects your output drivers while experimenting. Notice that the opamp example I used may have different maximum rating. Always choose the lowest current / highest calculated resistance.