Electronic – Why does the input resistance of an inverting op-amp amplifier have to be high

inverting-amplifieroperational-amplifier

According to Sedra & Smith's microelectronics textbook, in order to avoid a loss of signal strength, voltage amplifiers are required to have a high input resistance, which I agree with. However, in case of the inverting op-amp, why does \$R_1\$ also have to be high? I don't understand why a voltage divider is necessary in this case, considering an ideal op-amp has infinite impedance in its input and all the current is going to go through \$R_2\$ anyways. From my understanding, what we want is for \$R_1\$ to be low, since that's what's going to result in a high \$v_o\$ given that \$v_o = -\frac{R_2}{R_1} v_I \$.

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For reference, I'm referring to the text in section 2.2.3 of Sedra & Smith's 7th edition of "Microelectronic Circuits".

Best Answer

The problem the author is trying to avoid is overloading of the source signal.

schematic

simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab

Figure 1. A voltage source with it's source impedance, Rs feeding an inverting amplifier with input impedance Ri.

Remember that the inverting input of an inverting amplifier is at virtual ground.

  • Let's say my Vs is 1 VRMS and has an output impedance of 1 kΩ.
  • Our amplifier has a gain of -1. We expect an inverted version of Vs to appear on the output with a reading of 1 VRMS.
  • We're disappointed! With the components I've drawn we can see that the voltage at Vi is half of Vs. As a result the amplifier output will be 0.5 VRMS.

If we replace Ri with a 10 kΩ resistor we'll be much closer to the expected value, 10/11 VRMS. The higher the input impedance the less it loads the source.

Note that with some systems such as 50 Ω signal generators the source has a 50 Ω impedance and is designed to give the nominal voltage on the output when driving a 50 Ω load. If measured using an oscilloscope while there is no load the reading will be double the value set on the output control.