Electronic – Will this photodiode circuit filter this frequency

You are using exactly the same circuit you used in Ambient light rejection from photodetecting circuit, and I will repeat what I said in that question.

Reduce C6. You have gotten better results by reducing C6 from 1 uF to 0.01 uF. Reduce C6 to 1000 pf (.001 uF) and you will get even better results.

C6 and R1 are combining to form a low-pass filter. With 220k and 1 uF, response will drop to 1/2 of DC when the signal frequency f $$f = \frac{1}{2\pi RC}$$ For your original circuit, this was 1.3 Hz.

When you reduced C6 this became 130 Hz.

Note that these numbers apply to sine waves. It's more complicated with your nominal square waves.

As I said in my earlier answer, you can certainly reduce C6 to 1000 pf (.001 uF). You can very likely reduce it to 100 pF, and get even faster response. Much below 100 pF and, considering your physical layout, you may have stability problems.

You can operate the photodiode in "photovoltaic" mode and then you don't need a negative supply. In this case the diode generates a current in the same way as a solar cell. You may give up some speed and sensitivity operated in this way.

It requires an opamp that can operate with zero volt at the inputs (the LM324 can), these are often referred to as "single supply" opamps. A CMOS input opamp would be better as the bias current won't cause problems.

The circuit is below. Depending upon the capacitance of the diode and the wiring (don't use long leads to the photodiode) you may need the capacitor C1 to avoid instability.

^{simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab}