How to avoid high current flow through long runs of addressable LED tape without compromizing the data ground

These strips are usually arranged in numerous parallel segments of a few series LEDs. The RGB strips can be a little different, but they work basically the same way. It looks like your strip is analog control and not digital (which would have little ICs in the strip to control individual LED color), so the specific color ground lines are all in parallel. You should be able to connect numerous strips in parallel - 12V to 12V, red to red, green to green, and blue to blue to blue. That is the same reason you can cut the strips into smaller segments if you want.

There is a limit to how much current can flow through the strip itself, which varies between manufacturers. Your other limit to how many strips can be connected together is how much power your supply / remote controller can handle. It should specify a limit in watts / current or total number of LEDs or parallel segments. That information should be on a sticker on the power supply or be listed in the manual.

From your product page:

Power 72 W

Which is 6A at 12V DC. That means your power supply/controller has to be able to handle at least 144 W (12A @ 12V DC) to connect two strips in parallel. Although, it is never a good idea to run something long term near its maximum ratings, so the supply should really be rated for something closer to 200 W.

If you are able to power multiple strips from your supply, it would be best to power them with a star topology so the current for each strip is separated. For example, connecting Christmas lights together end to end is daisy chaining, and the current for every light strand has to flow through the strands before it. Powering multiple light strands from one power strip is more of a star topology, with the current to each strip only flowing through itself (think of the power strip as your power supply).

I'm going to be wiring the rows up snake style and dual feeding to keep brightness consistent across the array.

If Dual Feeding is what I think it means, you already know what to do.

Feed the 5v to each 106cm section individually or in pairs. Don't chain the power through the entire 17m length. Sure, this means 8 or 16 sets of 5v and Gnd cables, but with each only carrying 2A or 4A over a small length, heat/current/resistance issues go away. Same reason you only see 18 AWG wire in ATX Power Supplies. Instead of a single 10AWG 12v Cable, it uses 8 or 12 18AWG wires to carry the same current.

You would keep the data cable the same. Just make sure to tie the grounds together.

Actually, pretty much how the datasheet for the Sparkfun item you linked to already has it, for a snake layout.

For 1M strips (106cm = 1.06M) the voltage drop would be insignificant.