I need a rechargeable battery that can produce about 10 Wh per day. In a day this battery/ies should produce 281 mA for about 15 s, 265 mA for about 30 min, and about 131 mA for the rest of the day. How should I go about deciding what battery to choose for this? This battery will be charged with a generator and a solar panel, but for the sake of this question I'd like to assume that these sources are capable of charging up the battery.
How to pick a rechargeable battery
batteriesgeneratorpowersolar celltorque
Related Solutions
I assume that you mean that the current is about 1/4 of the original current.
Phone batteries will almost invariably be Lithium Ion (LiIon).
LiIon are normally charged at a maximum of "C" = the rate in mA numerically equal to the capacity in mAh.
So, for a 1200 mAh LiIon battery C = 1200 mA.
Assume your battery is 1000 mAh.
Actual values can be scaled if this assumption is wrong.
Normal maximum charge rate = C = 1000 mA.
Solar charge rate = 1000/4 = 250 mAh.
Assume it is a 3.6V nominal battery. This is the voltage of a single LiIon cell.
Max allowed voltage = 4.2V. Charge it with more than 4.2V and it's lifetime will be severely impaired OR the battery will self destruct.
IF the battery voltage when charging is less than 4.2V the 1000 mAh battery can be safely charged at 250 mA with no ill effects.
Once the battery voltage reaches 4.2V on charge the current MIST be controlled to keep Vmax at 4.2V OR the charging must be terminated. IF you continue to charge at too high a rate when Vbat reaches 4.2V so that Vbat keeps rising the battery and perhaps its surrounds and perhaps you will be damaged.
It is not enough to just limit Vmax to 4.2V. If a LiIon battery is connected to 4.2V indefinitely it will be damaged.
In the case of a small solar panel and a LiIon battery three main choices exist.
Feed the PV panel voltage into a LiIon charger and use that to charge the battery. A number of camera chargers have 12 VDC inputs and can be charged from an external voltage source - with the charger electronics looking after charging complexities. or
Charge to 4.2V and then terminate charging completely - do NOT "float" at 4.2V. or
Build your own LiIon charger using one of the many purpose built ICs made to do just that OR 'roll your own' with an opamp, voltage reference, control switch (MOSFET usually) and more.
Option 1 is easiest.
I think that a very good option is to take advantage of the PIC uC that you already have in your design and its analog (ADC) input ports for monitoring the batteries voltage and to drive the switching between those batteries using MOSFETs instead of BJT transistors. Using the uC you should not need the two comparators that you show in the picture and you will have a more intelligent charging/monitoring battery circuit that could lead to improve the batteries duration. This uC could stay in sleep mode (or low power mode as second option) all the time using interrupts to read the ADC channels. You should run the uC from its internal RC oscillator operating at the lowest frequency as possible to decrease the power consumption.
I also recommend you using Schottky diodes instead of 1N4148 and to put a small bulk capacitor at the output of the power selector circuit (or switching circuit). Those Schottky diodes will drop less voltage than the 4148.
If you decide to use the uC for the battery voltage level monitoring, try to use the internal fixed voltage thresholds that the uC provides for the internal comparators, because if you don't do that you could have some problems reading wrong analog values because those batteries are used to power the uC too (you will have ratiometric voltages).
I hope this help.
Best Answer
This has the makings of an excellent question for tutorial purposes if you work on providing the needed extra information.
A good starting spec, but really still too broad.
I'm answering this as below as the very fact that the answer is incomplete is (or should be) educational as to what you may look for and why in a battery. This list is incomplete but gives enough to start with.
Your Amp.hours add to about 3.3 Ah and you say about 10 Wh so your nominal mean system voltage is ~~ 3 Volts. Is that what you intended?
What application (apart from power curve). [Data telemetry / transponder / micro-cell site ...?}
What temperature range.
Unattended for how long? (day week year ...)
1 off or many?
Cost important?
General environment and temperature range?
Vibration? Safety? Mission Critical?
How many days 'standby' needed.
Acceptable degradation rate with age.
System voltage?
Consider the possible importance of various parameters in these purposefully OTT applications intended to stress various things:
My Lunar Rover needs a ....
My offroad racer ...
My polar explorer ...
My baby apnea alarm ...
My Boeing Dreamliner ...
My cardiac pacemaker ...
My elephant gastrointestinal whole of life remote monitor ...
My whale-mounted ...
My upper atmosphere balloon designed to drift for 10+ years ...
My deep-floating drifting marine telemetry buoy ...
My marathon runner data telemetry ...
My ultra low electrical noise instrumentation amplifier ... My ...
Think about the things that may matter is each case.
Note how even the mighty Boeing managed to get it wrong.
Using LiIon and supplying current with a linear regulator you need 1 cellx ~= 3.3 Ah/day.
So a 3300 mAh battery would last about 1 day when new and not when not. It would provide 200-400 charge cycles. Double capacity to 6600 mAh and it would last up to 2 days but cycle life would rise. Use a 33 Ah cell and ... . Temperatures much under 0C would spil your day. Max discharge rate of 281 mA is C/(3300/281) = C/11 so it would not mind.
If the winters were wintry and you used solar then you may only get 1 hour of charge/day. Charge rates of 1C would be OK but if your panel had to burst charge at say 5C when sun was available an average LiIon battery would be unhappy (at least).
LiFePO4 would far better on most counts above but be beiger and weigh more. Which may or may not matter.
Lead Acid would not like peak charge rates and peak discharge rates would need Ah capacity derating somewhat from data sheet nominal. Self discharge and life time may be poor deep-ending on variant.
NimH ...
NiFe !!!! :-) ...
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