A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into current. The current is generated when photons are absorbed in the photodiode.
The Sparkfun one is an IR Receiver, for Modulated IR. It takes a modulated IR signal, and strips the modulation, passing any digital signal inside to another IC. Typically used in Remote Control setups. The wiki page for the RC-5 Remote Control protocol provides a good explanation of how an IR Receiver works.
An Photodiode is a dumb analog part. A IR Receiver is a digital part (though it may have analog circuits inside).
For a remote code receiver, you need a IR Receiver. It requires a modulated signal in order to tell the difference between an intentional signal like a remote, and noise from lights in the room.
The IR receiver is trivial - you just buy one of the three-terminal IR receiver modules, which will give you a nice clean set of pulses. (for example, search for GP1U on Digikey)
Getting the pulses into the PC is harder, and if you're planning to use someone else's software to decode them (e.g. WinLIRC), then you should follow their recommendations - the WinLIRC site has a page of stuff about this. If I was doing this from scratch, I'd probably decode it all in a micro and send something higher-level up a USB cable - perhaps pretend to be a HID keyboard, but that's quite a lot to get going if you haven't done something like that before.
In real life, I wouldn't develop anything like this, as it's a tedious commodity building-block, which has already been done a million times - I'd go here: Google search.
The answer is already present in the page whose link you posted:
From Technical Report TR-06-11, "B. Communication and Sensing", pg. 4
During any communication between robots, the receiving
robot also measures the intensity of the incoming infrared
light. This incoming light intensity is a monotonically de-
creasing function of the distance between the transmitter and
the receiver; therefore the distance to the transmitter can be
calculated by the receiver. In practice, the incoming intensity
of light is also affected by noise and manufacturing variances,
which leads to sensing accuracy of ±2 mm, and precision
under 1 mm.
(emphasis mine)
I suppose they experimentally found the relation between distance between Tx/Rx and received intensity (or have access to some characteristic graph from the manufacturer of the IR modules), and used that to base the distance calculations.
Best Answer
The Ebay one is an IR Photodiode, a diode that is sensitive to IR input.
The Sparkfun one is an IR Receiver, for Modulated IR. It takes a modulated IR signal, and strips the modulation, passing any digital signal inside to another IC. Typically used in Remote Control setups. The wiki page for the RC-5 Remote Control protocol provides a good explanation of how an IR Receiver works.
An Photodiode is a dumb analog part. A IR Receiver is a digital part (though it may have analog circuits inside).
For a remote code receiver, you need a IR Receiver. It requires a modulated signal in order to tell the difference between an intentional signal like a remote, and noise from lights in the room.