operational-amplifiervoltage
I have this doubt which is freaking me out. First of all I am all confused between open and closed and ideal characteristics of the OPAMP. My main doubt is this: Considering the OPAMP as Inverting Amplifier.
It's not in either of those modes, but it's being used as a differential amplifier:
It doesn't amplify a single signal, either inverting or non-inverting - it amplifies the difference between two signals - in this case the difference in voltage between the two sides of R8.
You need to have a negative supply voltage on the op-amp to get a negative voltage out of it. A rail-to-rail op-amp can, at best, approach the supply rails at the output. A non-rail-to-rail type might only get to +1.5V if the negative rail is 0V.
So, the supply voltage must exceed the voltage you need out of the amplifier. If you need +/-4.9V, a +/-5V supply may do with a rail-to-rail output amplifier. If you have an LM324 it might only get to +3.5/-4.5V with a load resistor to ground.
Best Answer
Each opamp is a high-gain differential amplifier. Therefore, the unit can do nothing else than to amplify the voltage difference between both input nodes - independent if one of the input nodes is grounded or not. This voltage difference is in the micro-volt range and does not allow real applications.
However, because of the large open-loop gain (Aol) of the opamp unit we always use negative signal feedback. For simple amplifier purposes the feedback network consists of resistors only. Referred to the applied signal voltage, the so-called closed-loop gain Acl is reduced correspondingly and the applied input voltage now can assume realistic values in the millivolt or even volt range.
However, the voltage difference directly BETWEEN the opamps input nodes is still in the micro-volt range. During calculation of opamp amplifiers (with feedback) this tiny voltage can be neglected in comparison with the two other voltages within the circuit (applied signal input voltage, opamp output voltage). This approach leads to the concept of "virtual ground" (for inverting opamp applications).