SNR vs Signal Strength for digital throughput

Yes. The 802.11 Medium Access Control, which is in charge of deciding on the data rate between two WiFi devices (which use IEEE 802.11), scales the data rate between the devices depending on a lot of things. One of them is signal strength. This correlation isn't necessarily linear, but it can be. Some packets are transmitted at 1Mbps while data is typically at the max speed. When the signal is not stable, it's common for the data rate to vary quickly. For more information see 802.11 Wireless Networks: The Definitive Guide, Second Edition

"How is it even possible for a single fixed measurer to determine both RSSI and Noise?" - very good question. The noise they are talking about is receiver noise and not interfering signal. At very low powers, the noise is mostly the thermal noise of the receiver: ie, if you were to disconnect the antenna and replace it with a 50 Ohm load (most RF systems are 50 Ohm) you will measure a certain level of noise. So, even if you had all the ideal components, your noise power would be P = k*T*B*G, where k is the Boltzmann's constant, T is the temperature in K, B is the bandwidth in Hz, and G is the gain of your system. In reality, every component adds noise as specified by its noise figure (listed in the datasheet of every RF component). If you look again at the noise power equation, you will see that by reducing bandwidth, you also reduce the noise. However, high bandwidth is necessary for high data rates, which explains why you need good SNR for high data rates.

"Why both values are negative and measured in dBm" - 0 dBm means the power is 1 mW. -20 dbm means the power is .01 mW. The minus indicates the number of dB below 0 dBm. Without the minus, it would have been above 0 dBm

"But who radiate that power?" - in case of noise, it is internal, in case of signal, the transmitter. However, fundamentally it doesn't matter.

"But why is its value so small then?" - it comes from what is called Friis transmission formula. So, with several simplifications, imagine that my transmit antenna radiates power isotropically in all directions. So, your power is uniformly distributed on the surface of a sphere of radius r (and surface area 4*pi*r^2), where r is the distance from the transmit antenna. In Imagine, that your receive antenna is about 1 m^2 and it can capture all the radiation that hits its surface. Now, it can only capture 1/(4*pi*r^2) of all the radiation, making the receive power very tiny and RF engineering a complex field :). This is a very hand wavy explanation but I hope it makes sense