Which circuit breaker will blow first

Unfortunately not.
An Residual Current Breaker trips only if the sum of the current on all four wires is nonzero. This residual current means there's a leak to earth, possibly through a human, and the breaker trips.

In your case, the loss of neutral meant the supplied voltages became unequal, some too high, but this won't make the total current nonzero.

There may be other devices which can protect you, but the basic RCB won't.

Your specifications on type B, C and D MCBs are incomplete. The crucial detail is that these are the overload currents they will tolerate for a maximum of 5 seconds. All of them should trip if they experience a current above their rating for longer.

The MCB type you would choose for a circuit therefore depends on the peak transient current you expect your load to draw. For most applications type B is perfectly adequate, but for circuits that supply very reactive loads such as air conditioners, motors and other machinery, large switch-on currents would force you to use C or D. The manufacturers of such devices will normally specify details such as supply cable size, MCB capacity and type and local wiring regulations may also restrict some of these choices.