Magento 1.9 – Get Category Name from Ordered Product

list.phtml

Get the layout of Current Category

$yourCatId = $this->getCategoryId(); 
echo $this->getLayout()->getBlock('root')->getTemplate($yourCatId);

This is to get list of all category and there layouts:

$categories = Mage::getModel('catalog/category')->getCollection()
->addAttributeToSelect('id')
->addAttributeToSelect('name')
->addAttributeToSelect('url_key')
->addAttributeToSelect('url')
->addAttributeToSelect('is_active');

foreach ($categories as $category)
{
    if ($category->getIsActive()) { // Only pull Active categories
        $entity_id = $category->getId();
        echo $this->getLayout()->getBlock('root')->getTemplate($entity_id);

    }
}

Step1: all categories ids form Category and then

$categiesIDs= Mage::getResourceModel('catalog/category_collection')->getAllIds();

Step2: exclude your category[12] from $categiesIDs uset

Step3: Then Product collection filter by Categories ids.

$productCollection->getSelect()
    ->join(
        array('at_category_id' => $productCollection->getTable('catalog/category_product')),
        'at_category_id.product_id=e.entity_id',
        array(
            'at_category_id.category_id',
            'cattotal'=> new Zend_Db_Expr('COUNT(*)')
        )
    ->group('e.entity_id');