Magento – How to get “address_id” from quote

One general remark here: You're trying to set the full customer session object (Mage::getSingleton('customer/session')) as the quote's customer. You should do Mage::getSingleton('customer/session')->getCustomer().

As for the whole process, I have been doing this in the past as follows:

$quote = Mage::getSingleton('checkout/session')->getQuote();
$quote->assignCustomer(Mage::getSingleton('customer/session')->getCustomer());

$quote->collectTotals()
    ->getPayment()->setMethod('purchaseorder');

$convert = Mage::getModel('sales/convert_quote');
$order = $convert->toOrder($quote)
    ->setBillingAddress(
        $convert->addressToOrderAddress($quote->getBillingAddress())
    )
    ->setShippingAddress(
        $convert->addressToOrderAddress($quote->getShippingAddress())
    )
    ->setPayment(
        $convert->paymentToOrderPayment($quote->getPayment())
    );

foreach ($quote->getAllItems() as $quoteItem) {
    $orderItem = $convert->itemToOrderItem($quoteItem);
    if ($quoteItem->getParentItem()) {
        $orderItem->setParentItem(
            $order->getItemByQuoteItemId($quoteItem->getParentItem()->getId())
        );
    }
    $order->addItem($orderItem);
}

$order->save();

I'm manually setting the payment method on the quote to 'purchaseorder'. You should see if this works for you too and/or fits your needs.

Contents of your setup.php should be

 class Magentotutorial_Weblog_Model_Resource_Setup extends    Mage_Core_Model_Resource_Setup {
  }

in your mysql4-install-0.1.0.php

<?php
$installer = $this;
$installer->startSetup();
$installer->run("
CREATE TABLE `{$installer->getTable('weblog/blogpost')}` (
  `blogpost_id` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
  `title` text,
  `post` text,
  `date` datetime default NULL,
  `timestamp` timestamp NOT NULL default CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
  PRIMARY KEY  (`blogpost_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

INSERT INTO `{$installer->getTable('weblog/blogpost')}` VALUES (1,'My New Title','This is a blog post','2009-07-01 00:00:00','2009-07-02 23:12:30');
 ");

  $installer->endSetup();

Currently it looks you've combined both of them :)